LIBRARY 
STATE  PLANT  BOAR* 


Technical  Series  No.  8. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY.  - 


WpBlMOI  TOWARD  4  MONttfM  OF  THE  AMERICAN 

ALEURODIDI 


BY 


A.  L.  QUAINTANCK,  AT.  S'., 

Biologist  aud  Horticulturist  of  the  Georgia  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Experiment,  Ga. 


THE  RED  SPIDERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

(TETRANYCHUS  AND  STKJM.EUS). . 


NATHAN  BANKS,  M.  S., 

Assistant,  Division  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
PREPARED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST 


SB 

llll 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERN  Mi: NT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1  9  00. 


I 


Technical  Series  No.  8. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 


CONTRIBUTIONS  TOWARD  A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  AMERICAN 

ALEUR0DID1 


A.  L.  QTJAINTANCE,  M.  S., 

Biologist  and  Horticulturist  of  the  Georgia  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Experiment,  Q-a. 


THE  RED  SPIDERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

(TETRANYCHUS  AND  STIGM^US). 
BY 

NATHAN  BANKS,  M.  S., 

Assistant,  DiTision  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
PREPARED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST. 


WASHINGTON: 

(iOVKRXMKXT   PKIXTIX(;  OFFICE, 

1  1)00. 


LETTER  OP  TRANSMITTAL 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington,  D.  C,  April  10,  1900. 
.  Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  for  publication  No.  8  of  the  tech- 
nical series  of  bulletins  of  this  Division.  It  contains  two  articles,  the 
one  prepared  by  Mr.  A.  L.  Quaintance,  biologist  and  horticulturist, 
Georgia  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  and  the  other,  at  the  writer's 
suggestion,  by  Mr.  Nathan  Banks,  of  this  Division.  The  subjects  con- 
sidered, namely,  the  so-called  white  flies  (Family  Aleurodidae)  and  the 
so-called  red  spiders  (the  Acarid  genera  Tetranychus  and  Stigmseus), 
are  both  groups  of  very  considerable  economic  importance,  some  of 
the  white  flies  doing  considerable  damage  to  Southern  horticulture, 
and  the  red  spiders  being  known  as  greenhouse  pests  in  all  parts  of 
the  country  and  as  outdoor  enemies  to  certain  crops  in  the  warmer 
States.  With  these  groups,  as  with  the  others  which  have  been  pre- 
viously treated  in  a  monographic  way  in  the  earlier  bulletins  of  this 
series,  there  has  existed,  up  to  the  present  time,  so  much  confusion 
as  to  the  differentiation  of  forms  that  the  economic  worker  has  not 
been  able  to  know  with  any  certainty  the  exact  form  upon  which  he 
might  happen  to  be  at  work  from  the  remedial  standpoint.  It  is 
hoped  that  these  papers  will  clear  the  field  so  that  this  uncertainty 
need  no  longer  exist. 
Respectfully, 

L.  O.  Howard, 

Entomologist. 

Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

3 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Contributions  Toward  a  Monograph  of  the  American  Aleurodid^e. 

Introduction   9 

Family  Aleurodidie   11 

Genus  Aleurodes    11 

Table  of  the  American  species  of  Aleurodes   12 

Genus  Aleurodicus   43 

Table  of  species  of  Aleurodicus   43 

The  Red  Spiders  of  the  United  States  [Tetoranychus  and  Stigmueus) . 

History   65 

Structure...!1   66 

Habits   69 

Important  American  bibliography   70 

Tetranychidse   70 

Tetranychus  Dufour   70 

Siigmseus  Koch   77 

Index  of  Genera  and  Species   79 

5 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2013 


http://archive.org/details/contributionstowOOquai 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES. 

Page. 

Plates  I-VIII.  Aleurodidas   50, 52,  54, 56, 58,  60, 62,  64 

TEXT  FIGURES. 

Fig.    1.  Tetranychus  bimacidatus   65 

2.  Tetranychus:  mandibular  plate   67 

3.  Tetranychus:  cephalothorax  from  above   67 

4.  Tetranychus:  mouth  parts   68 

5.  Tetranychus:  genital  organs   69 

6.  Tetranychus:  leg   69 

7.  Tetranychus  mytUaspidis:  claws   71 

8.  Tetranychus  bicolor:  claws   72 

9.  Tetranychus  tumidus:  palpus   73 

10.  Tetranychus  bbnamlatus:  palpus   74 

11.  Tetranychus  biviaculalus:  claws   74 

12.  Tetranychus  telarius:  palpus  and  plate   75 

13.  Tetranychus  sexmaculatus:  palpus   75 

14.  Tetranychus  desertorum:  palpus  and  plate   76 

15.  Tetranychus  gloveri:  palpus  and  plate   76 

16.  Stigmwus  Jloridanus   77 


I 


It 


CONTRIBUTIONS  TOWARD  A  MONOGRAPH  OF 
THE  AMERICAN  ALEURODID.l:. 


By  A.  L.  Quaint ance. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  writer's  attention  was  called  to  this  much  neglected  family  of 
Homopterous  insects  about  four  years  ago  by  Prof.  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell, 
since  which  time  considerable  material  has  been  collected,  or  sent  in 
by  correspondents,  and  during  the  past  year  I  have  had  the  pleasure, 
through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard,  of  studying  the  collection 
of  Aleurodidae  of  the  Division  of  Entomology  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture.  A  considerable  number  of  species  have 
been  met  with  that  are  undescribed,  several  of  which  are  characterized 
in  the  present  paper.  So  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain,  all 
American  species  of  Aleurodidae  are  indicated  in  the  following  pages ; 
Aleurodes  vaporariorum  is  included  in  this  list ;  although  originally 
described  from  Europe,  it  has  now  become  quite  common  in  green- 
houses, in  various  parts  of  the  eastern  United  States  at  least.  In  all 
cases  reference  is  made  to  the  original  description  of  a  species,  and  to 
such  other  references  as  are  of  any  importance  from  a  systematic 
standpoint.  From  a  study  of  this  literature  it  is  at  once  apparent 
that  the  as  yet  meager  study  of  American  Aleurodidae  has  been,  for 
the  most  part,  done  during  recent  years.  In  the  United  States,  for 
example,  there  were  but  three  species  recorded  previous  to  1884. 
Forbes,  in  1884:,  described  from  Illinois  Aleu radix  accrix,  which,  how- 
ever, should  now  be  known  as  forbe&ii  Ashmead,  since  ace?vis  is  pre- 
occupied by  a  European  species.1  In  185)3  Riley  and  Howard  described 
Aleurodes  citri,  previously  briefly  described  by  Ashmead  in  the 

1  Monograph  N.  Anier.  Proctotrypidiv,  Bui.  45,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  p.  294. 

9 


10 

Florida  Dispatch,  November,  1885.  Aleurodes  pyrolce  Gillette  and 
Baker,  was  described  in  L895;  Aleurodes  herbericola  Cockerell,  in 
IS(.H>;  Aim ,-<></<*  ruhnrum  Cockerell,  and  Aleut-ode*  uureocineta  Cock- 
erell, in  1897.  Since  1897  to  date  four  species  have  been  described 
from  the  United  States,  giving  a  total  of  thirteen,  one  an  Aleurodicus 
and  twelve  belonging  to  Aleurodes.  From  the  West  Indies,  Mexico, 
Centra]  and  South  America  twenty  species  have  been  recorded,  seven 
of  w  hich  are  species  of  the  genus  d  [I <  u /-odious  and  thirteen  of  Aleu- 
rodes, Of  these,  six  were  described  before  1895.  It  is  evident,  there- 
fore, to  any  one  who  has  observed  the  variety  of  forms  in  this  family 
that  our  knowledge  of  American  Aleurodida3  is  still  very  imperfect, 
and,  with  the  exception  of  Aleurodes  citri,  our  knowledge  of  their  life 
history  and  habits  is  even  more  incomplete. 

The  specific  characters  in  the  genus  Aleurodes  are  derived  mainly 
from  the  pupa-case,  the  adults,  except  in  species  with  banded  or 
spotted  wings,  offering  but  very  little  of  use  in  characterization.  In 
Aleurodicus,  on  the  other  hand,  the  most  valuable  specific  characters 
are  to  be  found  in  the  adults,  although  to  me  there  has  appeared  to  be 
more  variation  in  the  pupa-case  than  has  been  generally  stated.  Ordi- 
narily, the  founding  of  species  on  the  characters  derived  from  imma- 
ture stages  of  insects  is  unwarranted;  but  with  this  family,  however, 
particularly  in  Aleurodes,  as  has  been  pointed  out  by  Maskell  and 
others,  the  pupa-case  offers  by  far  the  more  valuable  characters,  and  it 
is  doubtful  if  species  could  be  satisfactorily  separated,  except  in  a 
few  cases,  from  adult  characters  alone.  Moreover,  it  is  in  the  pupal 
stage  that  these  insects  are  most  frequently  observed  and  collected,  the 
minute  "white-flies  "  that  may  be  flying  around  being  usually  not  asso- 
ciated with  the  stationary  scale-like  insects  on  the  leaves.  Again, 
injury  is  caused  by  these  insects  it  is  likely,  mainly,  in  their  immature 
stages,  which  fact,  from  an  economic  standpoint,  renders  it  necessary 
that  these  stages  be  characterized.  For  these  reasons  the  writer 
believes  that  the  characterization  of  species  of  Aleurodes,  at  least, 
should  be  based  largely  on  pupal  characters;  there  is  as  much  varia- 
tion, probably,  in  the  pupa-case  <>f  differenl  species  of  Aleurodes  as 
there  is  in  the  species  of  Asjti.dtni Myt //<v.sy>/.v,  Vhionttxpts,  or  other 
genera  of  the  ( '<,<•<•!, ht.  The  w  riter  by  no  means  favors  the  disregard 
of  the  imagoes,  and  especial  effort  should  be  made  by  collectors  to 
Secure  this  Stage.  'Phis  ordinarily  may  be  easily  done,  where  the 
pupie  are  somewhat  numerous,  by  placing  the  leaves  in  a  jar  for  a  few 
day-,  to  allow  the  more  mature  pupa4  to  develop  into  adults. 

To  preserve  Aleurodida1  satisfactorily  for  study  it  is  advisable  to 
keep  two  series.  As  soon  as  material  is  collected,  specimens  of  all 
stages  should  be  mounted  in  xylol  balsam  on  slides,  after  careful 

live  notes"  have  been  taken,  particularly  with  reference  to  the  col- 
oration of  the  differenl  parts,  and  with  adults  as  to  the  division  or  not 


11 


of  the  eyes.  Soon  after  mounting,  the  relative  lengths  of  the  joints  of 
the  antennae  of  adults  are  much  more  readily  distinguished  than  later. 
The  other  series  should  consist  of  adults  preserved  dry  in  vials,  and 
the  infested  leaves  so  pinned  that  the  waxy  secretion  from  the  larva1 
and  pupa-cases  will  not  be  in  any  way  damaged. 

I  am  under  obligations  to  Prof.  T.  D.  A.  Coekerell  for  bibliographic 
references,  numerous  specimens  sent,  and  other  courtesies;  and  I  have 
been  much  aided  by  the  careful  entry  notes  made  by  Mr.  Theodor  Per- 
gande  on  the  material  received  by  the  Division  of  Entomology  and 
kindly  furnished  me  by  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard. 

Family  ALETJRODIDiE. 

Small  to  minute  insects  infesting  the  leaves  of  plants,  usually  on 
the  lower  side;  the  immature  stages  scale-like;  the  adults  with  two 
pairs  of  wings,  and  covered  or  dusted  with  a  whitish  meal-like  secre- 
tion of  wax. 

In  the  immature  stages  the  body  may  be  more  or  less  covered  by  a 
secretion  of  wax,  frequently  quite  copious.  The  most  distinctive 
Aleurodid  character  in  the  larval  or  pupal  stages  is  in  the  presence  of 
a  subovate,  triangular  or  semicircular  opening  on  the  dorsum  of  the 
last  abdominal  segment,  known  as  the  "vasiform  orifice."  This  con- 
sists of  the  orifice;  the  operculum,  a  more  or  less  lid-like  structure 
attached  to  the  rim  of  orifice  cephalad,  and  the  lingula,  a  more  or  less 
slender  tongue  r  strap-shaped  organ,  attached  cephalad  within  the 
orifice  and  extending  frequently  quite  beyond  its  caudal  margin. 

In  the  adults  the  mentum  is  three  segmented,  inclosing  the  three 
rostral  setae;  antennae  seven  jointed,  the  first  two  joints  short  and 
thick,  the  others  slender  and  numerously  ringed.  Eyes  usually  some- 
what constricted  near  the  middle,  dumb-bell  shape  or  reniform,  or 
even  completely  divided.  Above  each  eye  is  a  single  ocellus.  Tarsi 
two  jointed,  with  three  terminal  claws,  the  middle  one  of  which  is 
short  and  small.  The  wings  when  at  rest  are  nearly  horizontal,  extend- 
ing caudad  considerably  beyond  the  abdomen,  rounded  distally.  Both 
fore  and  hind  wings  may  he  immaculate  or  variously  spotted  or  banded, 
usually  with  dusky  or  reddish.1 

Genus  ALEURODES  Latreille. 

AVith  the  characters  of  the  family.  Adults,  with  hut  a  single  basal 
branch  to  vein  of  fore  wings;  hind  wings,  with  but  a  single  vein. 


1  For  a  more  detailed  account  of  the  characters  of  Aleurodidie,  see  Maskell,  Trans. 
N.  Z.  Inst.,  1895,  p.  415. 


12 

TABLE  OF  THE  AMERICAN  SPECIES  OF  ALEURODES. 

I.  Pupa-case  usually  but  little  hidden  by  secretion;  with  lateral  fringe— i.  e.,  any 
secretion  from  marginal  wax  tubes. 

II.  Pupa-case  usually  hidden  by  a  mass  of  hairy,  waxy  or  flocculent  secretion. 
HI.  Papa-case  evident,  and  without  lateral  fringe. 


I.  Pupa-case  usually  but  little  hidden  by  secretion;  with  lateral  fringe—?,  e.  anv  secre- 
tion from  the  marginal  wax  tubes.  '  - 
Pupa -case  uniformly  brown  or  black. 

With  dorsal  secretion  of  wax.    Dorsal  secretion  cottony  or  mealv  in 
appearance. 

Pupa-case  dark  brown  to  black,  elliptical,  slightlv  convex,  about 
0.85  mm.  long.  Dorsum  covered  with  white  meal,  frequently 
becoming  quite  solid.  Lateral  fringe,  all  around,  agglomerated 
a  most  into  a  solid  plate,  of  unequal  length,  giving  a  star  shape  of 
about  8  rays.  Operculum  subcircular,  covering  about  one-half  of 
orifice;  hngula  obsolete  stellaia  Mask.  (37.) 

Pupa-case  black,  elliptical,  convex,  1.8  mm.  long.  Margin  thick 
with  conspicuous  groove  on  dorsal  surface,  and  short  fringe  of 
wax  on  ventral  surface.  Around  vasiform  orifice,  a  large,  nearlv 
transparent,  hemispherical  area,  but  dusted  with  white  secretion 
Around  lateral  margin,  a  row  of  about  32  sharp  sword-like  hairs' 
Adult  9  with  basal  half  and  portions  of  rest' of  wing  smoky. 

•d  .  .  fumipemiis  4Iempel  (18.) 

Pupa-case  shiny  black;  size  about  0.92  by  0.61  mm.;  subelliptical 
moderately  convex;  lateral  fringe  rather  short,  truncate;  dorsal 
secretion  of  3  longitudinal  stripes  of  cottony  or  mealy  wax. 

-d,  ti.,,,  acaci.-en.sp.  (3.) 

Pupa-case .dull  black;  subelliptical;  0.81  by  0.52  mm.;  the  copious 
lateral  fringe,  about  twice  the  width  of  case  in  length.  A  slight 
»H*aly  secretion  may  occur  on  dorsum;  with  tube-like-  longitudinal 
'n^o-dorsal  elevation,  cephalad,  arrow-shaped;  along aWominal 
segments,  suggesting  a  trachea,  with  a  glottis  caudad. 

t»  ,  •  tracheifer  n.  sp.  (38  ) 

'T^T  S,m,.y  bhW,k>  ,lat'  '"^at,;  0.95  by  0.81  nn,,;  clphalo- 
ateral  n.arg.ns  on  each  side  with  an  indenture  and  thickening, 
lateral  trmge  sem, transparent;  a  very  light  mealv  secretion  of 
wax  may  occur  along  body  segments.    Dorsum  uith  small  black 

U'itlw  „t  *i • 'Jiia'ci<*-<uju<iticiv  n.  sp.  (33) 
Without  dorsal  secretion  oi  wax.  • 

Eaten]  binge  gelatinous  looking  (translucent). 

I'upa-ease  pi, eh  black,  oval,  hardly  one  millimeter  long.    The  gela- 
""•.T  f7"^  "^<-"<lingout  iron,  ease,  rather  more  than  one-half 
w.dth  oi  case,  and  raising  it  upsomewhat.    From  eephalo-lateral 
"         ride        "«»'"  caudal  end  a  pencil  of  white  wax 
rvstmg  on  gelatinous  rim  gdaHnonu  OkU,  (19) 

</»"■„,.<-,,,,„„/„,,■  n.»v.    See  above, 
lateral  fringe  a  series  of  distinct  radiating  waxy  ribbons 

I'lipa-cane  intense  black,  oval,  hardly  over  a  millimeter  long.  The 
ateral  fr,n,e  of  12  broad  ribbon-like  rays  of  glassy  wax,  yellow 
l»a>ally,  a|MMlt  JLS  Umf,  ^  <>f  ^  vklKmM^  Qkn  (4J) 


13 


Lateral  binge  a  narrow,  continuous  rim  of  white  waxen  filaments. 

Pupa-case  dense  black,  broadly  elliptical,  1.2  mm.  long.  Moderately 

convex,  with  rounded  median  ridge  »  cockeretti  v.  Ihering.  (9) 

Lateral  fringe  a  more  or  less  copious  cottony  secretion. 

Pupa-case  shiny  black,  elliptical,  about  0.7  by  0.55  mm.  A  copi<  >Ufl 
white  cottony  fringe  all  around,  continuous  nasally,  but  ragged 
distally.  Case  moderately  convex,  with  evident  rounded  median 
ridge.  Fore-wings  of  adults  marked  with  red  and  brownish 
black'.  mori  Q.  (24) 

"Larva  (Pupa-case?)  flavous,  the  disk  of  the  larger  individuals 
dark  brown ;  the  margin  is  ciliate  with  white."  Wings  of  adults 
immaculate  corni  Hald.  (10) 

Pupa-case  shiny  black,  subelliptical  0.7  by  0.55  mm.  Dorsal  disk 
larger  than  ventral,  and  the  marginal  rim  of  wax  tubes  bent 
downward  and  inward.  The  scant  cottony  secretion  from  mar- 
ginal wax  tubes  appearing  as  a  vertical  fringe,  .abnormis  n.  sp.  (1) 

tracheifer  n.  sp.    See  above. 
Pupa-case  yellowish,  or  greenish. 

Dorsal  secretion  simply  a  submarginal  series  of  brittle  curved  waxen 
rods  from  distinct  pores  or  papilla;. 

Pupa-case  pale  yellow,  elliptical,  about  0.56  mm.  long,  flattish. 
Margin  minutely  crenulated,  the  wax  tubes  bearing  a  short  fringe 
of  straight  white  tubes.  Within  the  submarginal  series  of  papillae 
on  dorsum,  are  8  large  circular  orifices :  2  on  cephalic,  4  on 

thoracic,  and  two  on  abdominal  region  erigerontis  Mask.  (12) 

Dorsal  secretion  a  submarginal  series  of  curved  waxen  rods  from  dis- 
tinct pores  or  pustules,  and  a  more  central  secretion  of  thin,  brit- 
tle, yellow  wax,  usually  fragmentary. 

Pupa-case,  yellow,  the  median  region  at  length  darkening,  ellip- 
tica?,  about  0.75  mm.  long.  With  two  lateral  depressions  on  each 
side,  similar  to  those  in  a  Lecanium.  Lateral  fringe  short,  frag- 
mentary. Within  submarginal  series  of  pustules  on  dorsum  are 
12  other  pustules :  2  large  on  cephalic  region,  2  large  on  thoracic 
region,  4  large  on  abdominal  region,  2  large  on  caudal  region, 

and  2  small  at  vasiform  orifice  nicotians  Mask.  (26) 

Without  dorsal  secretion. 

The  lateral  fringe,  a  delicate,  white,  band-like  secretion. 

Pupa-case  pale  greenish,  oval,  with  margins  anteriorly  very  sinu- 
ous; 0.5  mm.  long.  Within  margin  all  around  a  parallel  line  the 
intervening  space  crossed  by  equidistant  straight  lines;  a  second 
parrallel  line,  often  faint,  within  the  first,  the  space  thus  formed 
also  crossed  by  lines  closer  and  shorter  than  in  first  zone.  On 
ventral  surface,  near  middle  line  are  five  pairs  of  strong  setaceous 
hairs,  all  very  long,  and  projecting  mostly  beyond  the  margin. 
Wings  of  adults  immaculate;  eyes  large,  black,  bean-shaped... 

filiciinn,  Grdldi  (13) 

The  lateral  fringe  consisting  of  but  three  curling,  white  waxen  filaments, 
from  long  thickened  tubular  pores,  opening,  one  on  each  side  in 
cephalc-lateral  region,  and  one  at  caudal  end  of  case. 
Pupa-case  pale  greenish  yellow  to  yellowish,  broadly  oval,  but 
little  convex,  applied  close  to  leaf,  and  inconspicuous;  1.4  by 
0.8  to  1  mm.;  margin  minutely  crenulated,  and  with  radiating 
lines  extending  mesad.  Vasiform  orifice,  small,  subeircular; 
Operculum  short,  Concave  distally.  Adults  with  immaculate 
wings  citri  K.  &  II.  (8) 


14 


II.  Pupii-casc  usually  hidden  by  a  mass  of  hairy,  waxy,  or  flocculent  secretion. 

The  secretion  white,  felt-like,  or  hairy. 

Pupa-ease  black,  oval,  0.94  mm.  long.  Flat,  but  dorsum  with  a 
median  ridge,  and  several  transverse  furrows.  Margin  with 
double  erenulation.  Vasiform  orifice  and  operculum  hemispher- 
ical; operculum  small,  not  filling  orifice.  Wings  of  adult  9 
immaculate  parvus  Hempel.  (27) 

Larva  yellowish  green,  somewhat  roundish,  0.5  mm.  long.  Margin 
w  it  1 1  double  crenulations  which  are  pointed  distally.  Ventral  sur- 
face with  five  pairs  of  bristles  along  middle  line,  about  as  long  as 
one-third  width  of  body.  Pupa  case  with  10  to  12  long  radiating 
w  ax  threads,  star-like  goyabx  Goldi.  (20) 

larva  similar  to  goyabm,  but  only  the  caudal  pair  of  bristles  readily 
discernible.  Pupa-ease  scantily  covered  with  the  unequal  curling 
waxen  threads.    A  submarginal  series  of  equally  spaced  short 

bristles  ai-pim  Goldi.  (4) 

The  secret u>n  yellowish,  long,  hair-like. 

Pupa-ease  light  yellow,  elliptical,  1  mm.  long,  flat.  Denuded  of 
the  yellowish  hair-like  secretion,  a  longitudinal  median,  and 
submarginal  secretion  on  each  side  of  white  wax  is  evident, 
Vasiform  orifice  subelliptical.  Operculum  hemispherical, nearly 
fitting  orifice,  the  caudal  end  notched.    Adult  9  with  wings 

immaculate,  eyes  black  hoiridus  Hempel.  (22) 

The  secretion  white,  flocculent. 

Pupa-ease  dull  yellow,  elliptical,  0.56  to  0.84  mm.  long,  slightly 
convex.  Margin  conspicuously  crenulated,  the  wax  tubes  bear- 
ing besides  the  flocculent  matter  a  moderately  ltrng  fringe  of 
straight,  white  wax  tubes.  Dorsum  with  six  long  slender  cylin- 
drical spines,  the  caudal  pair  frequently  bearing  a  pencil  of  white 
wax.    Vasiform  orifice  twice  as  broad  as  long;  operculum  short, 

broad;  lingula  obsolete  jloccam  Mask.  (15) 

The  secretion  of  very  long,  curling  bundles  of  snowy  white  wax  in  the 
form  of  a  rosette. 

Pupa-case  yellowish,  elliptical  0.78  by 0.5  mm.;  the  curling  bundles 
of  white  wax  from  submarginal  area,  and  a  more  er  less  columnar 
central  secretion.    A  submarginal  series  of  glassy,  curved,  waxen 

rods,  from  distinct  papilhe ;  case  raised  on  vertical  fringe  

pergandei  n.  sp.  (28) 

The  secret  ion  a  submarginal  scries  of  broad  waxy  ribbons  with  a  more 
central  secretion,  more  or  less  columnar  in  appearance. 

Pupa-case  shiny  black,  sub-elliptical;  0.72  by0.4<>  mm.  The  copious 
secretion,  as  a  whole,  rosette-like,  the  ribbons  of  wax  rather  long, 
curving  outward  and  downward.  Lateral  fringe  semi-transparent 
am!  agglomerated  phnnosa  n.  sp.  (31) 

III.  Pupa-case  evident,  and  without  lateral  fringe. 

Pupa-case  more  or  less  marked  with  brown  or  black,  but  not  uniformly. 
With  dorsal  secretion  of  wax  from  distinct  po res  or  papilla). 
The  secretion,  a  submarginal  scries,  of  brittle  more  or  less  curving 
waxen  rods. 

Pupa-ease  yellowish  to  whitish,  with  broad  longitudinal  medio- 
donal  band  of  dark-brow  n;  elliptical,  0.7  by  0.48  mm.;  raised  on 
vertical  fringe  fitchill.ep.  (14) 

Pupa  ea-e  greenish  white,  but  writ  ha  row  on  each  side  of  more  or 
les>  brownish  spots;  elliptical,  0..s:j  by  0.57  mm.    The  glassy  rods, 


15 


from  very  closely  set  submarginal  papilla  ,  and  frequently  as  long 

as  ease  is  wide  Jloridntsis  n.  sp.  (16) 

Pupa-case  with  a  longitudinal  medio-dorsal  stripe,  and  a  sub-mar- 
ginal area  of  varying  width  whitish,  otherwise  brown,  deepest 
lateral  of  central  stripe;  elliptical,  0.75  by  0.52  mm.  The  sub- 
marginal  series  of  waxen  rods  rather  short.    No  vertical  fringe.. 

vittata  n.  sp.  (42) 

The  secretion  in  part  a  submarginal  series  of  sheathed  bundles  of  small, 
curling,  w  hite  waxen  rods,  from  distinct  groups  of  rather  small 
pores. 

Pupa-case  with  marginal,  somewhat  wedged-shaped,  da«hes  of 
brown;  two  broad,  longitudinal,  interrupted,  sub-dorsal  bands  of 
brown;  subovate;  1.79  by  1.26  mm.  A  central  and  two  lateral 
longitudinal  matted  exudations  of  wax.    A  very  high  vertical 

fringe  altissima  n.  sp.  (5) 

The  secretion  a  submarginal  series  of  glassy,  curved,  waxen  rods  from 
papillae  or  pores,  and  similar  rods  more  or  less  promiscuous  on 
dorsum  from  circular  pores. 

Pupa-case  yellowish  to  whitish,  but  with  frequently  a  brownish 
coloration  along  dorsi-meson;  elliptical;  0.72  by  0.45  mm.  On  the 
thorax  the  pores  are  promiscuous,  but  along  abdomen  are  inclined 
to  occur  in  longitudinal  rows.    Adults  with  wings  marked  with 

smoky  black  rolfsii  Q.  (34) 

Dorsal  secretion  when  present  in  form  of  a  whitish,  mealy  exudation,  or 
in  extreme  cases  a  matted  plate  of  wax  covering  entire  dorsum. 

Pupa-case  brown  to  brownish  black,  with  3  more  or  less  evident 
transverse  stripes  of  whitish:  one  at  cephalic  end,  one  at  middle, 
and  one  at  caudal  end,  crossing  vasiform  orifice.  Ovate,  to 
broadly  elliptical,  about  1.5  mm.  long.  Case  raised  quite  high  on 
vertical  fringe  of  wax,  about  as  high  as  one-half  width  of  case. 

 .forbesii  Ash.  (17) 

Without  dorsal  secretion  of  wax. 

Pupa-case  yellowish-brown,  and  with  more  or  less  interrupted 
strips  of  dark  brown  along  dorsi-meson;  oblong  to  elliptical;  1  by 
0.46  mm.  On  each  side  of  median  rounded  keel,  along  abdomen, 
are  large,  irregular,  toothed  depressions,  usually  a  pair  to  each 
segment.  In  adult  $  wings  immaculate;  eyes  divided;  antenna 
with  a  long  terminal  process  graminicola  Q.  (21) 

"Larva  (pupa-case?)  plane  above  and  beneath;  elevation  about 
one-third  the  length,  periphery  vertical;  pale  flavous;  the  larger 
individuals  with  a  conspicuous  dorsal  vitta"  .abuttionea  HakL  (2) 

Pupa-case,  dorsally  black  but  with  a  very  broad  lemon-yellow  or 
whitish  marginal  area;  oval,  somewhat  over  a  millimeter  long, 
Adult  $ ,  with  eyes  completely  divided;  wings  with  suffused 

dusky  spot,  at  end  of  vein,  more  evident  on  cephalic  pair  

aureocinctu  Ckll.  (6) 

Pupa-case  uniformly  black. 

The  dorsal  secretion,  a  submarginal  series  of  glassy,  curling  waxen  rods 
from  distinct  pores  or  papilla*. 

Pupa-case  ovate,  about  0.8  mm.  long.  The  glassy  waxen  rods  in 
some  cases  almost  if  not  quite  as  long  as  case  is  wide.  Case  with 
conspicuous  vertical  fringe.    Adults  with  immaculate  wings,  eyes 

not  completely  divided  rufxmtm  Gkll.  (35) 

The  dorsal  secretion,  a  submarginal  series  of  short,  truncate,  white, 
waxy  ribbons,  with  a  more  central  secretion  of  columnar  appearance. 


16 


Pupa-case  shiny  black,  subelliptieal,  0.92  by  0.66  mm.  The  sub- 
marginal  ribbons,  extending  out  at  an  angle  of  about  45°,  givingj 

appearance  of  an  elliptical  crown  coronata  n.  sp.  (11)1 

Pupa-case,  uniformly  yellowish  or  whitish. 
Without  waxy  secretion  of  any  kind. 

Pupa-case,  pale  straw-yellow,  somewhat  darker  towards  center, 
elliptical,  1.25  by  1  mm.  Margin  finely  and  densely  wrinkled  all 
around,  the  wrinkles  extending  radially  inward  to  about  one- 
half  the  length  to  the  middle  line,  on  the  sides.  Vasiform 

orifice  darker  than  surrounding  area,  unequally  triangular  

pyrolae  G.  &      (32)  j 

Pupa-case  (empty)  colorless,  oval,  0.75  mm.  long.    Margin  radiately  ! 
striate.     Vasiform  orifice  an  elongated   triangle,  the  two  sides  I 
nearly  straight,  and  nearly  twice  as  long  as  base.    Operculum  I 
hemispherical  or  semilunar,  concave  at  base.    Lingula  elongate,  | 
sub-spatulate.    No  conspicuous  submarginal  orifices.    Adult  9 
with  immaculate  wings;  head  and  entire  body  deep  orange- 
yellow;  legs  pale  lemon  yellow.    Eyes  jet  black,  each  one  com- 
pletely divided  berbericola  Ckll.  (7) 

Pupa-case  whitish,  elliptical,  1  by  0.61  mm.  Flat,  marginal  wax 
tubes  evident,  Vasiform  orifice  sub-cordate  without  corrugations; 
lingula  terminating  in  subcircular  lobe. .  .nephrolepidis  n.  sp.  (25) 

Pupa-case  yellow  to  lighter,  ovate,  narrowed  caudad;  0.81  by  0.55 
nun.  Somewhat  convex,  marginal  wax  tubes  obscure.  Vasiform 
orifice  subtriangular,  inner  lateral  margins  corrugated;  lingula 

arrow-shaped  distally  inconspicua  n.  sp.  (23) 

Secretion  present. 

Dorsal  secretion  a  submarginal  series  of  glassy,  curved,  waxen  rods  from 
distinct  pores  of  papilla?,  and  a  more  dorsal  secretion  of  very  long, 
tapering,  curved,  waxen  rods,  in  pairs,  from  large  circular  pores. 

Pupa-case  yellowish,  oval  to  elliptical;  about  0.76  by  0.48  mm. 
The  submarginal  wax  tubes  rather  short,  and  blunt.  The  very 
long  rods  from  dorsum  occurring:  a  pair  very  close  to  cephalic 
margin,  a  pair  on  cephalic  region,  a  pair  on  thoracic  region;  two 
pain  on  abdominal  region;  a  pair  at  caudal  end,  and  a  pair  just 
within  margin,  from  caudo-lateral  region.    In  adults  rostrum 

reaching  nearly  to  abdomen.    Wings  immaculate  

raporariomm  Westw.  (34) 
With  a  rather  copious,  white,  dorsal  secretion. 

Pupa-case  yellowish,  elliptical,  0.86  by  0.53  mm.  With  a  short, 
downward  curving,  pearly  white  submarginal  secretion  of  wax, 
hiding  margin  of  case,  and  .'5  prominent,  more  central,  inward- 
curving  columns  set  in  a  triangle.  Operculum  considerably 
broader  than  long;  lingula  spatulate,  with  L>  pairs  of  set;e  near 
distal  end  persex  &.  sp.  (29) 

pcrynnrfri  n.  sp.    See  above. 
Dorsal  secretion  a  variable  submarginal  scries  of  glassy,  curved  rods 
from  distinct  pores  or  papilla'. 

Pupa-case  yellowish,  elliptical.  0.65  by  0.:>0  nun.,  raised  on  vertical 
fringe  of  white  \v;ix.  Vasiform  orifice  with  rounded  indenture, 
caudad;  lingula  four-lift  lis  length  of  orifice,  with  X  pairs  of  lateral 

Lobes  and  a  distal  lobe.     In  adults,  wings  immaculate  

rariahilix  n.  sp.  (40) 

I  nlfst .     See  above. 


17 


Without  dorsal  secretion. 

Pupa-case  yellow,  broadly  elliptical,  convex,  1.15  by  0.83  mm.  A 
short,  more  or  Lees  slanting,  fringe  all  around  of  white  wax,  doubt- 
less homologous  with  vertical  fringe.  Vasiform  orifice  broadly 
ovate,  lingula  spatulate.  Dorsum  void  of  pores  and  papillae.  In 
adults,  wings  with  a  distal  dusky  spot  xpirxoides  n.  sp.  (36) 

It  has  not  been  possible  to  indicate  in  the  above  table,  the  Alewrodrs 
ph(rtcmoides  of  Blanehard,  reported  from  Chile,  in  1840.  The  descrip- 
tion is  meager,  and  based  on  the  adult.  In  the  Division  of  Entomology 
collection,  are  specimens  of  an  Aleurodes,  received  through  Professor 
Cockerell,  from  Mr.  F.  Lataste,  Chile,  under  the  name  Alcurod^ 
plmhwoides  Lataste.  Possibly  this  is  meant  for  Blanchard's  />/m/<i- 
xwidi  s.  Until  more  information  is  obtained  on  this  point,  and  pending 
the  finding  of  Lataste's  description,  it  may  be  well  not  to  consider  A. 
phalaroides  Lataste,  as  a  distinct  species. 

1.  Aleurodes  abnormis  n.  sp.     (Plate  I,  figures  1-3.) 

Pupa-case, — Size,  about  0.7  by  0.55  mm.;  dense  black,  and  cleared 
only  after  prolonged  boiling  in  KOH.  Shape,  subelliptical,  varying 
somewhat  in  outline.  There  is  no  lateral  fringe,  in  the  ordinary  sense. 
The  pupa-case  becomes  at  length  comparatively  thick,  and  the  dorsal 
disk  is  larger  than  the  ventral.  The  marginal  rim  of  wax  tubes  is 
bent  downward  and  inward  to  the  ventral  surface  of  case,  thus  con- 
necting, the  ventral  and  dorsal  disks  by  an  inward  slanting  rim.  From 
this  reflexion  of  the  marginal  rim  the  lateral  wax  tubes  open  directly 
against  the  surface  of  leaf,  and  the  white  cottony  exudation  of  wax 
appears  at  first  sight  as  homologous  to  the  vertical  fringe  of  wax,  or 
palisade  by  which,  in  many  species,  the  pupa-case  is  elevated  from 
surface  of  leaf.  This  exudation  is  light,  and  does  not  elevate  the  case 
to  tiny  extent  from  the  leaf.  On  the  reflexed  marginal  rim  the  flirt- 
ings of  the  wax  tubes  may  be  observed  with  varying  distinctness  up 
to  the  dorsal  surface  of  case..  Dorsum  void  of  exudation  of  any  kind. 
In  immature  specimens  dorsum  is  concave,  and  there  is  a  furrow  all 
around  just  within  margin  of  dorsum,  the  rim  being  quite  prominent 
as  a  raised  boundary  line.  Case  at  length  becomes  moderately  convex. 
There  is  a  pair  of  setae  on  caudal  end  of  case,  and  a  pair  just  cephalad 
of  gasiform  orifice.  Under  hand  lens  the  abdominal  segments  .appear 
moderately  distinct,  and  the4  straight  suture,  extending  from  third 
thoracic  segment  cephalad  to  margin  of  case,  is  quite  distinct,  and 
the  margins  on  either  side  minutely  sculptured.  The  vasiform  orifice 
seen  in  boiled  specimens  is  small,  Bubcircular,  with  semielliptical 
operculum  and  small  obscure  lingula. 

Adult  9  .—Length,  about  0.77  mm.;  fore-wing,  0.89  by  0.36  mm.; 
hind  tarsus,  <>.  17  nun. ;  hind  tibia,  0.2fl  nun.  ( Jolor  of  body  uniformly 
yellow,  legs  and  antenna'  paler.  Eyes  not  quite  divided,  dorsal  lobe 
21400— No.  8  2 


18 


bright  red,  ventral  lobe  very  dark  reddish-brown.  Fore-wings  with 
smoky  markings.  There  are  two  spots  near  middle  of  length  of  wing, 
one  on  the  vein,  and  the  other  just  within  caudal  margin;  on  the  distal 
portion  of  wing  are  three  spots,  one  at  distal  end  of  vein  just  within 
margin,  and  one  on  each  side  of  vein.  There  is  usually,  also,  an  obscure 
spot  just  caudad  of  basal  veinlet;  hind- wings  without  spots.  Antennae 
of  seven  joints.  Joint  1,  short,  wider  than  long,  cup-shaped;  joint  2, 
of  usual  subpyriform  shape,  about  one-half  as  broad  as  long;  joint  3, 
long,  equal  in  length  to  distal  joints  together;  joint  -1,  short,  about 
one-half  length  of  5th;  5,  6,  and  7,  subequal  in  length;  joint  7,  some- 
what fusiform.  Front  tibia  two-thirds  length  of  hind  tibia;  hind  tarsus 
but  little  longer  than  front  tarsus;  hind  femur  about  three-fourths 
length  of  hind  tibia.  Genitalia  ordinary.  Basal  veinlet  of  fore-wings 
arising  at  base  of  wing  and  apparently  distinct  from  main  vein. 

This  species  has  been  collected  from  various  parts  of  Florida  by  the 
writer,  on  leaves  of  such  trees  as  Querem  aquatica,  Q.  virens,  Q.  <-<ft<*- 
bad,  Ilex  opaca,  Magnolia  glauca,  and  Persea  carolinensis.  The  pupa- 
cases  are  much  scattered  and  rarely  occur  more  than  two  on  a  single 
leaf,  and  usually  but  one.  Adult  females  bred  out  hy  the  writer. 
Type  in  Div.  Ent.,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Described  from  numerous  pupa-cases 
and  three  9  specimens. 

2.  Aleurodes  abutilonea  Haldeman. 

"  White,  body  pale  flavous,  with  a  tinge  of  greenish;  wings  each 
with  a  single  nervure,  the  superior  ones  with  two  irregular  obscure 
bands  across  them,  and  a  circular  apical  spot:  eyes  black,  double  upon 
each  side,  inferior  ones  large  and  prominent;  thorax  above,  with  large 
irregular  fuscous  spots;  abdomen  with  3  or  4  transverse  lines  of  the 
same  color;  rostrum  as  long  as  the  head,  bi-artieulate,  apex  black; 
antenna'  with  the  basal  articulation  robust;  feet  with  short  hairs, 
slender,  dimerous,  one-half  line  long. 

"Zdt/rm  oval,  plane  above  and  beneath,  elevation  about  one-third 
the  length,  periphery  vertical;  pale  flavous,  the  larger  individuals 
with  a  conspicuous  dark  dorsal  vitta. 

"Found  upon  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  of  Sida  (AbutUon) 
abutilon,  to  which  the  Larva  is  immovably  attached.  It  is  sometimes 
so  abundant  that  there  are  prom  50  to  100  in  half  an  inch  square, 
causing  the  leaf  to  curl  and  die.  The  perfect  insect  is  very  active, 
walking  and  Hying  readily,  and  leaping  from  1  to  1£  inches.  It  seems 
aearest  allied  to  A.  Mfasciatus  Steph.    When  the  imago  first  appears 

the  wings  are  more  translucent  and  the  dark  fascia'  are  entirely  want- 
ing, so  that  it  might  be  taken  for  a  distinct  species. 

"Burmeister's  figure  of  A.  i>r<>!<  tella  Linn,  exhibits  2  aervures, 
probably  because  the  wings  were  in  contact  when  drawn,  which,  on 
account  of  their  translucency,  would  allow  the  aervures  of  both  to  be 


19 


seen  at  the  same  time.    Found  in  Pennsylvania  from  August  to  the 
middle  of  October."  (Haldeman.) 

Am.  Jn.  of  Sci.  and  Arts.,  Vol.  IX,  1850,  p.  108.    Signoret,  Ann.  de  la  Soc. 
Entom.  de  France,  Dec,  1867,  p.  397. 

3.  Aleurodes  acacise  n.  Bp.     (Plate  I,  figures  4-7,  and  Plate  VII,  figure  68.) 

Egg. — Size  about  0.18  by  0.092  mm. ;  curved,  yellowish,  and  marked 
with  rather  indistinct  polygons.  Stalk  short,  and  attached  somewhat 
to  one  side  of  the  end,  on  the  convex  curve. 

Larva. — Full-grown  larvae  are  difficult  to  separate  from  pupa-cases. 
Larva?  are  brownish  yellow,  even  when  quite  small,  and  secrete  the 
marginal  fringe  of  wax  as  in  pupa-case.  In  older  larvae  the  marginal 
rim  is  quite  evident,  and  the  cylindrical  tubercles  are  present,  though 
not  so  numerous  as  in  pupa-case. 

Pupa-case. — Size  about  0.92  by  0.61  mm.;  shape  subelliptical,  nar-  . 
rowed  somewhat,  cauded  and  cepnalad.  Color  on  leaf,  under  hand 
lens,  when  wax  is  removed,  shining  black.  Under  microscope,  by 
transmitted  light,  dark  brown.  In  less  mature  specimens,  ease  is  flat, 
but  later  becomes  moderately  convex.  There  is  a  rather  short  and 
squarely  trimmed  marginal  fringe  all  around  from  the  lateral  wax 
tubes,  extending  out  flat  on  the  surface  of  leaf.  In  the  older  speci- 
mens there  is  a  dorsal  white  waxy  secretion,  which  typically  occurs  in 
three  longitudinal  lines,  a  broad  central  one  and  a  narrower  stripe. on 
each  side.  These  lateral  stripes  may  not  extend  but  along  the  abdomi- 
nal region,  or  frequently  quite  along  the  entire  dorsum  and  more  or 
less  parallel  to  margin  of  case,  forming  somewhat  of  an  ellipse.  A 
transverse  stripe  of  this  exudation  may  occur  on  dorsum,  thus  uniting 
the  three  stripes. 

Dorsum  of  case  is  much  corrugated.  In  younger  specimens  a 
medio-dorsal  ridge  is  evident,  and  on  each  side  is  a  furrow.  Cen- 
trally, the  abdominal  segments  are  quite  distinct.  There  is  a  distinct 
and  wide  marginal  rim.  somewhat  wider  on  the  sides.  This  rim  is 
plainly  demarked  from  dorsum  by  a  thickened  line  all  around.  The 
lateral  wax  tubes  are  quite  prominent  and  extend  mesad  to  Dear  this 
thickened  rim;  the  margin  is  crenulated,  the  incisions  quite  uniform 
and  acute.  There  is  on  this  marginal  rim  a  row  all  around  of  short 
cylindrical  papilhe.  These  are  truncate  distally  and  appear  as  short 
circular  discs  when  seen  from  above.  On  caudal  end  of  dorsum,  just 
within  margin,  is  a  pair  of  slender  seta'  projecting  somewhat  beyond 
margin.  The  caudo-lateral  pair  is  present,  though  slender  and  longer 
than  usual.  There  is  also  on  cephalic  margin  of  case  a  pair  of  seta' 
quite  similar  to  these  latter. 

Vasiform  orifice  small,  tubercle  like.  Orifice  suheircular,  about  18 
broad  as  long.  Operculum  relatively  large,  of  the  same  outline  as  ori- 
fice, which  it  almost  tills.     Lingula  about  four-fifths  length  of  orifice. 


20 

though  it  la  made  out  with  difficulty.    On  ventral  surface,  rudimentary  i 
feet  quite  distinct. 
Adults  unknown. 

Received  bv  the  Division  of  Entomology  at  Washington  from  Dr.  1 
Vasey.  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  specimens  on  leaves  of 
Acarhi  (mes(mite)  from  Chilhua,  Mexico,  January  27,  1886;  from!  I 
\Y.  E.  Collins.  Ontario.  Oil.,  on  Acacia,  October  6,  1889;  again  on 
Acacia  from  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  and  on  Bemera  microphylla,  Carmen  j 
Isle,  off  Lower  California.    This  same  species,  it  is  stated  in  Mr. 
Pergande's  notes,  was  found  on  leaves  of  mesquite  from  Bastophilus,  I 
Mexico:  Div.  Bnt.  No.  3863.    No.  587b  is  doubtless  this  same  species, 
from  Fullerton,  Oil.,  July  30, 1893,  on  an  undetermined  plant.  Type 
3863,  from  Chilhua,  Mexico.    Described  from  numerous  pupa-cases. 

4.  Aleurodes  aepim  Goldi. 

Mittlu-il.  Bchweitz.  entom.    Gesellsch.,  VII,  1886,  p.  250. 
On  "Aepim"  ("  Mandioca  doce")  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

5.  Aleurodes  altissima  n.  sp.     (Plate  I,  figures  8-12,  and  Plate  VII,  figure  70.) 

La/rva.  -Size  about  <>.S9  by  0.52  mm.;  yellowish  white.  A  series 
all  around  of  about  30  setae.  On  dorsum  are  5  pairs  of  moderately 
developed  setae,  a  pair  on  cephalic  segment,  a  pair  on  each  of  the 
thoracic  segments,  and  a  pair  at  vasiform  orifice.  Margin  of  ease 
slightly  crenulated.  On  the  dorsum  a  few  pores  may  occur  somewhat 
promiscuously,  and  there  are  a  few  groups  of  pores  around  the  mar- 
gin. This  stage  in  many  respects  approaches  quite  close  in  structure 
to  the  pupa-case. 

Pujxt-case. — Size  about  1.79  by  1.26  mm. ;  subovate,  narrowed  ceph- 
alad  Color  of  younger  pupae,  yellowish  to  white,  and  usually  with- 
out other  coloration.  In  more  mature  examples  the  color  may  vary 
from  whitish  to  those  more  or  less  mottled  with  brownish,  with 
extreme  cases  almost  uniform  brownish  black,  though  in  these  latter 
08868  such  examples  have  plainly  been  parasitized,  and  this  color  may 
have  resulted  from  this  fact.  Typically,  this  brownish  coloration 
occurs  in  dashes,  from  the  outer  margin  inward,  varying  distances, 
and  more  or  Less  radially.  Along  the  dorsi-meson  there  is  a  more  or 
less  <'M'ar  Longitudinal  central  stripe,  with  an  interrupted  stripe  ol 
dark  brown  on  each  side,  these  latter  varying  considerably  in  extent 
and  distinctness  In  well-marked  specimens  the  radial  wedge-shaped 
dashes  ma\  extend  quite  into  these  subdorsal  bands  of  dark  brown. 

Pupa  case,  when  young,  with  moderately  rounded  keel,  otherwise 
flat;  at  Length  becoming  somewhat  convex,  and  raised  on  an  unusually 
high  yertical  fringe  of  white  wax.    There  is  no  lateral  fringe,  but 

just  w  ithin  the  margin  all  around  there  is  a  series  of  groups  of  waxen 

rods.  These  rods  arise  from  groups  of  from  usually  22  to  26  circular 
pores,    Bach  bundle  of  rods  Ls  surrounded  with  a  rather  short  cylin- 


21 


fler  of  wax,  forming  a  sheath  at  base.  Individually,  the  rods  are 
rather  small,  glistening  white,  and  inclined  to  curl  at  tip.  These  wax 
bundles  vary  considerably  in  Length,  bui  are.  as  a  w  hole  short,  curi- 
ng outward  and  downward  from  the  case.  Along  central  dorsal 
region  is  a  broad  and  somewhat  matted  secretion  of  wax  extending 
from  vasiform  orifice  to  cephalic  end  and  covering  the  rounded  keel. 
On  each  side  of  this  central  dorsal  secretion  is  a  curved  and  narrower 
lecretion  extending  from  just  laterad  of  vasiform  orifice  to  cephalic 
end.  These  three  dorsal  lines  of  wax  may  he  much  interrupted  trans- 
versely, particularly  in  younger  examples,  hut  in  older  cases  each  is 
usually  continuous. 

There  is  a  very  narrow  marginal  rim  and  the  margin  of  case  is 
minutely  crenulated.  Just  within  the  margin  all  around  i-  a  -eric-  of 
rather  long  and  slender  tubercled  setae,  about  30  in  all.  or  15  on  each 
side.  The  pores  of  the  submarginal  groups  are  rather  small,  simple, 
and  circular.  These  may  vary  considerably  in  number  in  the  different 
groups,  and  an  occasional  pore  occurs  outside  of  group.  These  groups 
of  pores  are  usually  in  the  brownish  coloration  extending  in  from  the 
margin.  There  is  usually  a  group  of  very  small  pores  on  each  side  of 
gasiform  orifice,  and  a  very  pretty  group  on  each  side  of  the  second 
abdominal  segment.  This  consists  of  an  irregular  circle  of  small  pores 
with  a  central  rotate  figure.  The  usual  series  of  brownish  eolored 
compound  pores  with  cylindrical  rim  and  central  rod  are  present, 
though  comparatively  small.  On  caudal  end  1  of  these  pores  occur  in 
almost  a  transvers  1  row.  caudad  of  orifice,  and  from  this  3  extend 
cephalad  on  each  side  to  about  the  fourth  abdominal  segment. 

Vasiform  orifice1  cordate,  about  as  wide  as  long.  Operculum  sub- 
rectangular,  about  twice  as  wide  as  long.  Lingula  large,  broad,  spatu- 
late  shaped,  extending  quite4  to  caudal  margin  of  orifice  and  bearing 
the  usual  two  pairs  of  subterminal  seta1.  Margin  of  orifice  extended 
upward  all  round,  hut  more  pronounced  caudad.  into  a  thin  and  some- 
what tinted  rim.  Operculum  and  lingula  minutely  setose  or  punctured. 
On  the  ventral  surface  the  reduced  legs  and  antennae  are  quite  distinct. 

Adults  unknown. 

When  the  adult  is  discovered  it  will  very  likely  prove  to  he  an 
Aleur  odious. 

Collected  by  Mr.  C.  EL  T.  Townsend,  July.  L897,  at  San  Francisco 
(hi  Peal,  Tabasco,  Mexico,  on  a  plant  called  66 Palo de Gusano."  Div. 
Knt..  No.  7*. ♦  7i *.    Described  from  numerous  pupa  cases. 

6.  Aleurodes  aureccincta  (oekerell. 

Jn.  X.  Y.  Knt.  Sue,  1897,  p.  42.    Od  Aquilcgia,  Onjan  Mountains.  New  Mexico. 

7.  Aleurodes  berbericola  Cockerell. 

Jn.  N.  Y.  Knt.  Boc,  1896,  p.  207.    On  a  shrubby  Hn-lx-ris,  Mescalero  Reservation, 
Tularosil  Creek,  New  Mexico. 


2  2 


8.  Aleurodes  citri  Riley  and  Howard. 

Insect  Life,  Vol.  V  (1893),  pp.  219-226. 
Pood  plants:  Orange,  Melia  azederach,  Vtburmtm  nudum,  Capejas- 
samine,  and  occasionally  on  Querem  <K/i«iti<-<i.    Florida,  Louisiana,  and 
greenhouses  generally. 

9.  Aleurodes  cockerelli  von  Ihering. 

•( Piolhos  Vegetaes  do  Brazil."    Revista  do  Museu  Paulisto,  N.  II.,  1897, 
p.  393.    <>n  Baccharis  pcBUciflosctUa,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 

10.  Aleurodes  corni  Ilaldenian. 

"Size  and  general  appearance  of  A.  almtilonea;  Body  pale  flavous; 
eve-  black;  wings  pure  white,  without  bands.  Pennsylvania  in  Sep- 
tember and  October;  the  larva  and  imago  on  the  inferior  surface  of 
the  leaves  of  Comus  sericea. 

"  Larva  flavous,  the  disk  of  the  larger  individuals  dark  brown;  the 
margin  is  ciliate  with  white.  A  great  many  are  destroyed  in  the  larva 
state  by  „  Vmitvs  corni  Hald." 

Am.  Jn.  of  Bd  and  Arts,  Vol.  IX  (1850),  p.  109.  Signoret,  Ann.  de  la  Soc.  Entom. 
de  France,  Dec,  1867,  p.  398. 

11.  Aleurodes  coronata  n.  Bp.    (Plate  II,  figures  13-15,  and  Plate  VII,  figure  ) 

Egg.  Size  about  0.2  by  0.092  mm.;  yellowish,  considerably  convex 
on  one  side:  unmarked,  stalk  short,  attached  to  egg  at  one  side  of 
basal  end. 

Larva.  Size  about  o.;>r>  by  0.37  mm.;  pale  yellowish  white;  subel- 
Liptical,  becoming  narrower  caudad;  abdominal  segments  but  moder- 
ately  distinct  across  the  middle.  No  distinct  marginal  rim.  Margin 
Crenulated,  the  lobes  somewhat  truncate1,  and  separated  by  linelike 
incisions. 

There  i>  a  pair  of  seta'  at  vasiform  orifice,  and  a  pair  just  within 
Caudal  margin  of  case.  There  is  also  a  pair  on  caudo-lateral  margin  of 
case  and  on  the  cephalic  margin.  There  is  no  dorsal  exudation  of 
\\a\.  Vasiform  orifice  practically  as  in  pupa  case.  Legs  and  antenme 
obsolete'.     Eye  spots  quite  small  and  reddish. 

/*itjHicax<.  Size  about  0.1*2  by  0.68  nun.;  shape  Bubelliptical  as  a 
role,  somewhat  pointed  cephalad,  and  broadly  rounded  caudad;  widest 
about  the  middle,  <>r  just  caudad  of  middle.  Under  hand  lens  case 
i-  shim  Mack  in  color;  dark  In-own  by  transmitted  light  under  micro- 
SCOpe.  There  IS  ordinarily  no  lateral  fringe,  but  there  is  a  beautiful 
ellipse  of  white  waxy  hands  <»r  ribbons  from  the  submarginal  area  of 
the  dorsum.  These  project  from  the  case  more  usually  at  an  angle  of 
about  \:>  .  and  are  hut  little  curved;  they  are  truncate  distally, 
of  varying  width,  and  rarely  as  long  as  the  case  is  wide.  There  are 
ah.ng  the  longitudinal  dorsal  region  three  distinct  white  waxy  secre- 
tion-: at  \ asi form  orifice  i>  a  concave  shell-like  plume  or  ribbon,  one 
on  each  side  of  orifice,  forming  at  base  a  much  flattened  tube,  the 


23 

halves  of  which  become  spread  out  into  a  continuous  broad  ribbon  at 
distal  end.  From  the  middle  line  of  abdominal  segments  a  perpen- 
dicular exudation  arises  which  meets  cephalad,  a  short,  transverse,  but 
thick  column  arising  from  last  thoracic  segment.  At  cephalic  end  is 
a  pair  of  ribbons,  rather  narrow,  and  appressed  together  at  top.  The 
whole  appears  as  an  elliptical  rosette  or  crown  when  viewed  dorsally. 
Some  specimens  have  what  appears  to  be  a  secretion  from  the  lateral 
pores.  This  is  closely  applied  to  leaf  all  around,  and  of  a  gelatinous 
appearance. 

Margin  all  around  finely  crenulated  with  a  double  rim,  the  dorsal 
rim  much  more  distinct  and  the  incisions  acute;  the  ventral  rim  of 
wax  tubes  are  bluntly  rounded  and  the  incisions  shallow  and  rather 
wide. 

There  is  a  narrow  marginal  rim  of  varying  distinctness,  with  a 
Series,  within  the  margin,  of  small  disk-like  tubercles,  quite  similar  to 
those  in  acacia,  but  smaller.  There  is  also  on  the  dorsum,  on  each 
side  of  middle  line,  a  row  of  these  tubercles;  on  the  abdominal  sutures 
there  is  a  pair  to  each  segment  of  dark-brown  spots.  On  the  margin, 
at  cephalic  end,  is  a  pair  of  minute  setae,  and  the  usual  caudo-lateral 
pair;  on  the  dorsum,  at  cephalic  end  of  vasiform  orifice,  there  is  a  pair 
of  stout  setae,  and  a  pair  about  midway  between  orifice  and  caudal  end 
of  case. 

Dorsum  slightly  raised  along  dorsi-meson  of  abdominal  segments 
and  gradually  sloping  to  margins.  There  are  no  submarginal  furrows 
on  dorsum  as  in  acM  d(B. 

Vasiform  orifice  broadly  elliptical,  about  four-fifths  as  wide  as  long. 
Operculum  very  short  and  obscure.  Lingula  quite  short,  stout,  almost 
rudimentary.  Operculum  and  interior  of  orifice  thickly  covered  with 
minute  black  dots,  possibly  spine-like  tubercles.  On  ventral  surface 
rudimentary  feet  very  distinct. 

Received  by  the  Division  of  Entomology,  at  Washington,  D.  C,  from 
D.  W.  Coquillett,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  December  5,  1887,  on  leaves  of 
Quercus  ctgrifolia,  and  again  from  Mr.  Coquillett,  same  locality  and 
same  host  plant.  March  31,  1888;  also  from  S.  A.  Pease,  Pomona,  Cal., 
on  same  host  plant,  September  14,  1896.  Specimens  of  this  insect 
were  received  also  from  Prof.  J.  H.  Comstock.  from  Santa  Rosa, 
Cal.,  on  leaves  of  "live  oak,"  October  T,  1880.  Div.  Knt.  No&  4238 
and  7l>(». 

This  Aleurodid  occurs  in  great  abundance  on  the  lower  surface  of 
leaves  of  Qtu-rcux  a</r!foJ !<i ,  and  an  occasional  specimen  may  be 
observed  on  the  upper  surface.  There  is  considerable  variation  in  the 
amount  of  the  white  waxy  secretion,  particularly  in  younger  pup®, 
in  which  the  dorsum  may  be  almost  bare.  Described  from  numerous 
pupa  cases.    Type  4238,  Los  Angeles,  Cal..  December  5,  1887. 


24 


12.  Aleurodes  erigerontis  Maskell. 

Trans.  N.  Z.  Inst. ,  1 895,  p.  429.  Entom.  News,  Vol.  VII,  p.  247.  On  an  Erujenm, 
Escalon,  Mexico. 

13.  Aleurodes  filicium  Goldi. 

Mittheil.  Schweitz.  Entom.  Gesellsch.,  VII  (1886),  p.  247.  See  also  Ent.  Mo. 
Mag.,  1891,  p.  44.  On  Asplenium  cuneatum  and  other  Brazilian  ferns,  in  the 
botanic  garden  at  Kio  de  Janeiro;  also  on  Olcandra  articulata  and  Pteris  quad- 
riolata  in  the  fern  house,  Kew  Gardens. 

«^  14.  Aleurodes  fitchi  n.  sp.     (Plate  II,  figures  16  and  19,  and  Plate  VII,  figure  71.) 

Larva. — Size  about  0.49  by  0.27  mm. ;  subelliptical  in  shape,  narrow- 
ing somewhat  caudad.  Color  clear  whitish,  Avith  irregular  blotches  of 
orange.  Eye  spots  reddish.  There  is  no  marginal  fringe  and  the  lat- 
eral wax  tubes  seem  to  be  wanting,  though  the  margin  is  somewhat 
undulate.  Dorsum  void  of  tubercles  and  pores  and  without  waxy  exu- 
dation of  any  kind.  Vasiform  orifice  practically  as  in  pupa-case.  On 
caudal  end  there  is  a  pair  of  strong  tubercled  setae. 

Pupa-case. — Size  about  0.7  by  0.43  mm.;  shape  elliptical.  Margin 
of  case  whitish.  There  is  a  broad  longitudinal  dorsal  band  of  dark 
brown  or  smoky  black,  which  will  vary  somewhat  in  width  and  dis- 
tinctness, usually  occurring  on  the  entire  medio-dorsal  area  of  case. 
In  extreme  cases  this  coloration  may  be  all  but  absent.  There  is  no 
marginal  fringe,  though  there  is  a  narrow  but  well-marked  rim' of  mar- 
ginal wax  tubes.  The  incisions  between  wax  tubes  very  shallow,  and 
the  tubes  distally  are  well  rounded.  In  immature  specimens  the  pupa- 
case  is  applied  quite  closely  to  leaf;  in  older  specimens  the  case  is 
raised  on  a  vertical  fringe  or  rim  of  white  wax,  which  in  some  cases 
may  be  0.2  mm.  high.  Dorsum  almost  flat,  except  a  slight  medio- 
longitudinal  rounded  keel  or  ridge.  There  is  a  submarginal  jow  or 
series  of  short,  broadly  conical  papillae  all  around,  varying  considera- 
bly in  position  and  number.  From  these  papilke  rather  short,  more 
or  less  curved,  glassy,  waxen  rods  are  produced,  forming  a  fringe  all 
around.  There  LS  a  subdorsal  series  on  each  side  of  very  minute  cir- 
cular transparent  spots  and  a  row  on  each  side  of  keel,  of  depressions 
of  irregular  out  line  but  bounded  cephalad.  usually,  by  the  si  raight  mar- 
gin of  the  preceding  segment.  In  this  respect  this  species  approaches 
grammicola,  though  the  depressions  are  smaller.  Just  within  caudal 
margin  there  is  a  pair  of  well-developed  setse  and  a  much  smaller  pair 
at  vasiform  orifice.  Less  usually  there  may  be  a  pair  of  small  seta?  on 
the  firsl  abdominal  segment  and  on  the  cephalic  segment.  Vasiform 
orifice  subovate  with  caudal  end  somewhat  truncate  apparently,  but 
under  high  power  is  -ecu  to  have  a  rounded  indenture,  thus  producing 
two  rounded  lobes.  Operculum  about  one-half  length  of  orifice,  sub- 
elliptical,  broader  than  long.  Lingula  about  three-fourths  length  of 
orifice;  distalh  it  is  lobed,  and  distal  four-fifths  setose.    From  caudal 


25 


end  of  Lingula  arises  a  pair  of  upward-curving  setae.  A  narrow  furrow 
extends  caudad  from  orifice  to  margin  of  case. 

Adult  9- — Length,  about  0.84  mm. ;  fore-wing,  L.07  by  0.49  mm.; 
hind  tibia.  0.37  mm.;  hind  tarsus,  0.28  mm.;  color  of  body,  uniformly 
yellow,  except  the  frons,  which  is  deep  brownish  black,  and  the  caudal 
margin  of  head,  and  certain  thoracic  scleritos;  antenna1  and  legs  paler; 
eves  dee})  red,  constricted  in  the  middle.  Wings  marked  with  two 
irregular  bands  of  reddish  brown.  The  proximal  band  crosses  the 
wing  near  the  middle  of  its  Length.  Caudad  of  vein  it  has  an  irrregular 
V -shape j  the  apex  of  the  V  distad.  Cephalad  of  vein  tin1  marking 
is  of  an  irregular  rhomboid  shape.  The  distal  band  is  somewhat  nar- 
row and  interrupted  as  it  crosses  the  vein.  It  crosses  wing  at  about 
its  widest  part.  A  short  distance  distad  of  the  caudal  flexure  of  vein 
begins  a  narrow  strip  of  this  reddish-brown  color,  which  extends  along 
vein  to  its  distal  end,  where  it  terminates  in  an  enlarged  spot.  At 
base  of  wing,  just  caudad  of  veinlet,  is  also  a  small  spot. 

Antennae  7-jointed;  joint  1,  short  subpyriform;  joint  2,  also  sub- 
pyriform,  but  much  larger;  joint  3.  long  cylindrical,  four-fifths  length 
of  distal  four  together;  joint  4.  short,  about  one-half  length  of  fifth; 
joint  6,  somewhat  shorter  than  T.  Mentum  usual.  Hind  tarsus  but 
slightly  longer  than  anterior  tarsus.  Anterior  and  middle  tarsi  sub- 
equal  in  length.  Operculum,  when  elevated  and  seen  in  lateral  aspect, 
subcorneal,  though  somewhat  more  slanting  cephalad  than  caudad. 
Lingula  protruded,  tapering,  and  with  a  sickle-like  curve. 

$  . — Length,  a'bout  0.07  mm.;  genitalia  ordinary;  in  other  respects 
essentially  as  in  female,  but  proportionately  smaller. 

Collected  by  Dr.  C.  V.  Riley  on  cotton  plant  in  his  garden.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  October  4.  18?93  and  later  at  Selma.  Ala.  Also  col- 
lected on  leaves  of  cotton  plant  at  Columbus,  Tex.,  in  July,  1879,  and 
received  by  the  Division  of  Entomology.  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  August  27  and  September  14.  1895,  from  S.  B.  Mullen. 
Harrisville.  Miss.,  also  on  cotton.  The  leaves  received  from  S.  B. 
Mullen  are  quite  thickly  covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  the  pupa- 
cases.  Concerning  what  is  probably  this  same  species  in  Mississippi, 
on  cotton.  Mr.  W.  H.  Ashmead  says:1 

"This  species  lives  on  the  leaves,  and  toward  the  latter  part  of  July  and  the  mid- 
dle of  August  becomes  exceedingly  numerous,  many  hundreds  occurring  on  a  single 
plant,  and  when  disturbed  they  fly  up  in  powdery  clouds.  The  eggs,  from  titty  to 
a  hundred  or  more,  are  laid  on  the  underside  of  a  leaf  without  any  regard  t>»  order, 
resembling  those  of  the  orange  Aleurodes,  only  somewhat  smaller,  with  a  short 
pedicel,  paler  color,  and  with  the  surfac  e  perfectly  smooth  and  shiny.  These  hatch 
in  from  four  to  five  days,  and  the  young  larv;c  attach  themselves  to  the  leaf  and 
begin  feeding  on  its  juices.  Although  occurring  by  thousands,  I  could  detect  but 
slight  injury  caused  by  these  insects." 


'Insect  Life.  Vol.  VII.  1(.  323. 


2fi 


I  am  unable  to  agree  with  Mr.  Ashmead,  in  referring  this  species  to 
Fitch's  Aleurodes  (Aspidiohis)  gossypii.  From  a  study  of  the  single 
type  specimen  of  Aleurodes  gossypii,  Avhich  was  received  by  Dr.  Fitch 
from  Nlgapo,  China,  certain  important  differences  have  appeared. 
There  is  no  dark  medio-dorsal  stripe  . in  gossypii,  and  the  series  all 
around  of  submarginal  pores  and  waxen  rods  is  also  wanting.  In 
gossypii  the  pupa-case  is  quite  convex  and  the  marginal  area  is 
strongly  reflexed  down  to  the  margin  of  the  leaf,  much  after  the  man- 
ner of  a  Leca/nvum.  Ynfitchi,  however,  the  case  is  scarcely  at  all  con- 
vex, regularly  elliptical  in  shape,  and  is  raised  on  a  vertical  fringe  all 
around  of  white  wax.    The  two  species  are  scarcely  of  the  same  type. 

From  the  convexity  of  the  single  specimen  of  Aleurodes  gossypii,  I 
am  inclined  to  regard  it  as  representing  the  pupal  stage,  and  not  the 
larval,  as  regarded  by  Mr.  C.  L.  Marlatt.  (Ento.  News,  Vol.  X,  p.  146.) 
Div.  Ent,  Nos.  1163  and  1178.  Type  of  larva  and  pupa-case,  1178, 
Harrisville,  Miss.,  September  11,  1895.  Described  from  numerous 
larvae  and  very  many  pupa-cases.  Type  of  adults,  1163,  slide 
2-1-47.    Described  from  3  9  and  2  $  specimens. 

15.  Aleurodes  floccosa  Maskell. 

Trans.  X.  Z.,  Inst.,  1895,  p.  432.    From  Jamaica,  on  Lignum  vitse,  in  company 
with  A.  stellata. 

16.  Aleurodes  floridensis  n.  sp.     (Plate  II,  figures  20-22.) 

Pupa-case, — Length  about  0.83  mm.;  width  about  0.57  mm.;  vary- 
ing somewhat  in  size  and  the  subelliptical  shape.  Color  of  fresh  pupa- 
case,  according  to  Mr.  Pergande's  note  (Division  of  Entomology,  No. 
6962),  "  pale,  semitransparent,  greenish,  marked  on  thorax  and  abdo- 
men with  subdorsal  rows  of  blackish  spots.  Margin  of  body  and  anal 
plates  yellowish."  Dried  specimens  on  leaf  are  pale  lemon  yellow, 
and  the  spots  are  deep  red.  In  balsam  the  color  of  case  is  pale  lemon 
yellow  ,  and  in  more  mature  specimens  there  is  more  or  less  of  orange, 
due.  without  doubt,  to  the  developing  imago. 

There  is  no  marginal  or  lateral  fringe,  in  the  strict  sense  of  the 
wok!  that  is.  coming  from  the  Lateral  pores  but  on  the  extreme 
outer  margin  of  dorsum  all  around  there  is  a  very  closely  set  row  of 
conical  papillae,  Prom  w  hich  originates  a  beautiful  fringe  composed  of 
long,  slightly  curved,  glassy,  waxen  rods  a  rod  from  each  papilla. 
These  papillae  are  very  closely  set.  touching  each  other  at  their  bases, 
and  the  rods  are  frequently  Dearly  as  long  as  the  pupa-case  is  wide,  and 

-how  basally,  minute  tile-like  serrations.  The  fringe  is  more  or  less 
Separated  into  ray- of  rods  extending  mesad quite  to  case.  There  are 
usually  from  3  to  8  Pods  in  each  ray.  and  these  individual  rays  become 
somewhul  curved,  independent  of  the  others. 

Margin  of  case  crenulated,  the  incisions  between  wax  tubes  usually 

quite  -hallow  and  a<  ute.     Pupa-case  applied  closely  to  leaf,  and  quite 


27 


flat  at  tirst.  but  as  the  pupa-case  approaches  maturity  it  becomes  some- 
what more  convex.  In  dried  specimens,  part  icularlv  those  that  are 
immature,  the  dorsum  shows  two  Longitudinal  ridges  a^reein^-  with 
the  two  rows  of  colored  pustular  spots.  Abdominal  segments  distinct 
hut  not  extending  more  than  halfway  to  margin.  The  entire  dorsum 
is  marked  with  more  or  less  radially  arranged  thickenings  or  reticula- 
tions. The  two  rows  of  pustular  spots  extend  cephalad,  on  each  side, 
from  near  caudal  end  to  the  head  segment,  forming  an  irregular  ellipse, 
approximately  parallel  with  margin  of  case.  There  are  usually  about 
ten  of  these  spots  on  each  side,  though  the  Dumber  varies  consider- 
ably, partieularly  in  the  thoracic  region.  In  the  abdominal  region 
they  an4  more  distinct  than  elsewhere,  where  they  occur  approxi- 
mately, one  on  each  side,  to  each  segment.  Just  within  this  series  of 
spots,  on  the  abdomen,  somewhat  smaller  markings  may  occur.  Dor- 
sum with  four  pairs  of  minute  tubercled  setse — one  pair  on  cephalic 
portion,  one  pair  on  first  abdominal  segment,  one  pair  at  vasiform 
orifiee,  and  one  pair  just  within  caudal  margin. 

Vasiform  orifiee  cordate,  but  very  little  longer  than  broad.  Caudal 
end  bluntly  rounded,  but  with  a  minute  indenture.  Operculum 
broadly  cordate,  about  three-fourths  as  long  as  orifice,  and  minutely 
setose  distally.  Lingula  moderately  stout,  spatulate,  setose  distally, 
and  bearing  on  each  side  three  small  lobes,  with  a  larger  terminal  one. 

On  ventral  surface,  rudimentary  feet  indistinct. 

Adult.  -Unknown. 

Collected  by  the  writer  in  August  of  1898  on  leaves  of  guava 
{P&dium  gua va)  at  Lakeland  and  Punta  Gorda,  Fla.  Received  by  the 
Division  of  Entomology,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
from  H.  G.  Hubbard,  Crescent  City,  Fla.,  January  8,  1896,  and  from 
H.  J.  Webber,  Eustis,  Fla.,  January  25,  1896,  in  both  cases  on  leaves 
of  guava.  Also  collected  by  J.  H.  Comstock,  Arcadia,  Fla.,  on  "alli- 
gator pear."  Div.  Ent.,  Nos.  6962  and  413.  Type  6962.  Described 
from  numerous  pupa-cases. 

17.  Aleurodes  forbesii  Ashmead  (aceris  of  Forbes) . 
Fourteenth  Rept.  111.  St.  Ent.  (1884),  p.  110. 

This  is  the  common  large,  box-like  species,  on  leaves  of  Acer  dasycarpum,  in  many 
parts  of  the  North— Ithaca,  N.  Y.;  Washington,  D.  C;  Urluina,  III. 

18.  Aleurodes  fumipennis  Hempel. 

Psyche,  vol.  8,  No.  280,  p.  394.  On  undetermined  grass  growing  on  swampy 
ground,  S.  Paulo,  Brazil. 

19.  Aleurodes  g-elatinosus  Oockerell. 

Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XXX,  p.  264.  Dripping  Spring,  Organ  Mountains.  New  Mexico, 
on  what  is  probably  Quercu*  (mzomoa. 

20.  Aleurodes  g-oyabse  ( ioldi. 

Mittheil.  Sehweitz.  entom.  Oesellsch.,  Vol.  VII  (1886),  p.  M8.  On  ftfcftutn 
goyalxi  and  Laurux  jn'rxio,  Rio  de  Janeiro. 


28 

21.  Aleurodes  graminicola  Quaintance. 

Can.  Rat.,  Vol.  XXXI.  p.  89.    On  an  undetermined  grass,  Lake  City,  Fla. 

22.  Aleurodes  horridus  Hempel. 

Psyche,  vol.  8,  No.  280,  p.  394.    On  Iridium  sp.,  S.  Paulo,  Brazil. 

23.  Aleurodes  inconspicua  n.  sp.  (Plate  II,  figures  23-25.) 

Egg. — About  0.17  mm.  long.  Oval  in  shape,  uniformly  brownish 
in  color;  unmarked.    Pedicel  very  short. 

Larva. — Size  about  0.5  by  0.3  mm.  Elliptical,  tapering  slightly 
caudad.  In  color  light  yellow,  with  a  deep  orange  spot  on  each  side 
of  abdomen.  Body  flat,  no  marginal  fringe,  and  without  dorsal  exu- 
dation. Margin  of  case  practically  as  in  pupa-case.  There  is  a  pair 
of  well-developed  setae,  projecting  caudad  from  caudal  margin  of 
case,  arising  apparently  on  the  margin.  Dorsum  void  of  setae.  Vasi- 
form  orifice  practically  as  in  pupa-case,  but  the  furrow  extending 
caudad  from  orifice  to  margin  in  the  pupa-case  seems  to  be  wanting 
in  the  larva.  There  are  two  small  reddish-brown  pigment  spots  in 
cephalic  region,  marking  the  eyes. 

Pupa-case. — Size  about  0.83  by  0.55  mm.  but  varying  somewhat. 
Oval  in  shape,  broadest  cephalad,  and  light  }^ellow  in  color,  the  color- 
ation deepening  as  the  developing  insect  approaches  maturity.  Empt}T 
pupa-case  colorless.  On  each  side  of  abdomen  in  }Tounger  pupa-cases 
there  is  an  irregular,  oblong  spot  of  deep  orange  yellow,  evidently 
glands,  within  the  body.  As  the  pupa  develops  these  spots  tend  to 
disappear.  Case  applied  closely  to  leaf,  at  first  flat,  but  later  becom- 
ing somewhat  convex.  From  its  flatness  and  color  it  is  quite  incon- 
spicious  on  the  leaf.  There  is  apparently  no  lateral  fringe,  and  the 
vertical  fringe  raising  the  case  from  the  surface  of  leaf,  so  common 
in  aleurodids  of  this  type,  is  in  this  species  absent.  Marginal  wax 
tubes  but  Little  evident,  and  the  incisions  usually  short  and  acute. 
From  these  incisions  thickenings  extend  mesad  some  distance,  pro- 
ducing an  irregularly  marked  margin.  There  is  a  pair  of  small  seta1 
on  the1  caudo-lateral  margin  of  case.  Dorsum  without  exudation  of 
wax:  there  is  a  more  or  less  evident  dorsal  keel  along  dorsi-meson, 
more  pronounced  along  abdomen.  Some  specimens  show  three  rows 
of  large  circular  pores;  a  row  along  dorsi-meson  and  a  subdorsal  row 
on  each  side.     These  pores  vary  much  in  position  and  number,  and 

are  more  frequently  not  discernible.  Dorsum  without  seta-,  except  a 
well-developed  pair,  arising  from  tubercles  jusl  within  caudal  margin 
of  dorsum. 

Vasiform  orifice,  subtriangular  about  three-fourths  as  w  ide  as  long; 
cephalic  and  lateral  margins  nearly  straight  lines.  Lateral  margins, 
with  corrugations  or  folds,  extending  downward  and  inward.  At 
caudal  end  of  orifice  there  is  a  decided  ental  bend,  or  loop,  of  the  rim, 
the  orifice  thus  opening  into  a  furrow  which  extends  caudad  to  margin 
of  case,  between  the  two  tubercled  seta'. 


29 


Operculum  subelliptical,  about  fchree*-fourths  as  long  as  wide  and 
not  quite  one-half  Length  of  orifice.  Lingula  about  Give-sixths  length 
of  orifice,  the  distal  two-fifths  somewhat  enlarged,  and  arrow-shaped, 
thickly  setose,  and  terminating  in  two  straight  seta1,  w  hich  reach  quite 
to  caudal  end  of  orifice.  Rudimentary  feet  on  ventral  surface  quite 
distinct. 

Advlty  .  Length,  about  0.74  mm.;  fore-wing,  0.846  by  0.35  nun., 
hind  tibia,  0.32  nun.:  hind  tarsus.  0.  IT  nun.;  color.  bright  yellow, 
abdomen  paler,  with  a  deep  reddish-orange  spot,  due  to  visceral  gland; 
legs  and  antenna'  pale  yellow.  Wings  immaculate.  Eyes  undivided, 
hut  somewhat  constricted  above  the  middle;  dark  brownish-red  in 
color.  Mentuxn  usual;  tirst  joint,  long,  slender,  widening  gradually 
distad;  second  joint,  short,  thick,  about  one-third  length  of  distal  joint; 
distal  joint,  stout,  gradually  tapering  from  second  joint  to  the  blunt, 
brownish-colored  point.  Fore-tibia,  six-elevenths  length  of  hind-tibia; 
middle  tarsus,  four-fifths  length  of  hind  tarsus. 

Vasiform  orifice  triangular.  Operculum,  when  elevated  and  seen 
in  lateral  aspect,  bluntly  conical,  and  the  caudal  margin  appears 
minutely  setose.  Lingula  long,  stibcylindrical,  tapering  abruptly  to 
an  acute  point;  slightly  curved,  the  convexity  cephalad.  Lingula 
apparently  somewhat  serrate,  due  doubtless  to  obscure  seta3.  In  fore- 
wing,  main  vein  nearer  cephalic  than  caudal  margin,  extending  distally 
about  eight-ninths  length  of  wing.  Basal  veinlet  arising  at  very  base 
of  wing,  apparently  distinct  from  main  vein,  and  extending  obliquely 
caudad  to  margin    f  wing.    Genitalia  ordinary. 

$  . — Unknown.  Collected  by  the  writer  on  leaves  of  a  species  of 
PhysaUs  at  Bartow,  Fla.,  July,  1897,  and  again  in  August  of  1898  on 
leaves  of  cultivated  okra  at  same  place.  Received  by  the  Division  of 
Entomology,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  from  Mr.  E. 
L.  Eames,  Pomona,  Fla.,  on  leaves  of  sweet  potato;  Diy.  Ent.  No.  6421. 
Adult  females  were  bred  out  by  the  writer  from  pupae  collected  on 
okra  in  L898.  Type  of  immature  stages  6421,  described  from  numer- 
ous specimens.  Type  of  adult  9  .  specimens  bred  out  by  writer  from 
okra.  August  L5,  L898,  8  specimens.    Types  in  Div.  Ent.  collection. 

24.  Aleurodes  mori  Quaintance. 

Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XXXI,  pp.  1-4.  On  MbruiSp.  at  Tampa,  Flu.,  and  at  Lake  City. 
Fla.,  on  TUia  (tmrrinma,  CnUicarpa  ameriauia,  JJquUUnnlnr  sti/racijhia,  Ihx  apnea, 
and  less  frequently  on  Pewa  ruro/inensis. 

25.  Aleurodes  nephrolepidis  a.  Bp.  (Plate  III,  figures  26-30.) 

Egg. — Size  about  o.lM  by  o.oiw  mm.;  subelliptical.  Stalk  attached 
to  one  side  of  center  of  basal  end.  scarcely  as  long  a>  egg  is  wide; 
stalk  appears  to  be  jointed,  and  barbed  at  basal  end.  Kgg  unmarked, 
yellowish. 

Pupa-case. — Size  about  1  by  0.61  mm.;  elliptical;  color,  dirty  w  hite 

to  yellowish.     Empty  cases  in  balsam  are  very  pale  yellow;  eyes  of 


30 


developing  pupa  bright  red.  There  is  no  marginal  fringe,  or  but  very 
rudimentary.  Margin  of  case  crenulated,  the  wax  tubes  bluntly 
rounded:  the  incisions  between  tubes  are  but  moderately  deep  and 
acute;  rather  light  thickenings  extend  in  from  margin,  and  the  thick- 
ened margins  of  the  wax  tubes  maybe  discerned  extending  a  short  dis- 
tance mesad.  There  is  no  distinct  marginal  rim.  Pupa-case  applied 
quite  closely  to  leaf,  and  there  is  no  vertical  fringe.  Dorsum  almost 
Mat.  and  void  of  waxy  exudation,  tubercles,  or  pores.  Abdominal 
segments  rather  obscure,  evident  only  about  the  middle  one-half  of 
case.  There  is  a  pair  of  well-developed  seta?  arising  within  caudal 
margin  of  case,  extending  dorso-caudad  some  distance  beyond  the 
margin.  There  is  a  pair  of  small  setse  on  cephalic  margin  of  case,  and 
a  pair  on  caudo-lateral  margin. 

Yasiform  orifice  subelliptical  in  outline,  and  comparatively  small. 
Operculum  medium,  subcircular,  broader  than  long,  about  one-half 
length  of  orifice;  cephalic  margin  straight.  Lingula  quite  as  long  as 
orifice,  frequently  protruded,  with  distal  subcircular  enlargement, 
which  is  minutely  setose;  on  ventral  surface,  legs  moderately  distinct. 

Adult  ?  . — Length  about  0.97  mm.;  length  of  hind  tibia,  0.38  mm.: 
size  of  fore-wing,  1.12  by  0.43  mm.;  length  of  hind  tarsus  0.22  mm. 
Color,  pale  yellowish;  eyes  brown,  slightly  constricted  at  middle. 
Wings  unspotted.  Antennas  of  seven  joints.  Joint  1  small,  cup- 
shaped;  2,  unusually  long,  somewhat  more  than  three  times  length  of 
first,  pyriform;  joint  3,  slightly  more  than  twice  the  length  of  second. 
Mentum.  slender  at  base;  first  joint  comparatively  long,  longer  than  2 
and  3  together;  second  short,  not  quite  one-half  length  of  third;  third 
gradually  tapering  distad,  but  slightly  constricted  just  proximad  of 
the  brownish  black  point. 

Vasiform  orifice  cordate.  Operculum  not  one-half  length  of  orifice, 
convex  dorsally, and  on  caudal  margin  concave,  the  margin  thickly  set 
with  rather  long  setae.  Lingula  protruded,  and  strongly  bent  as  it 
extends  out  of  orifice,  gradually  tapering  from  base  to  the  strap-like 
distal  portion,  very  thickly  set  with  seta4. 

In  fore-wing,  basal  vein  let  rather  obscure,  and  arising  apparently 
distinct  from  main  vein.  Margin  of  wings  all  around  yellowish,  but 
deepest  on  cephalic  margin,  where  the  color  becomes  somewhat  reddish. 

Received  by  the  Division  of  Entomology  al  Washington  from  George 
C.  But/.  Pennsylvania  State  College,  November  L9,  1898,  on  Nephro- 
lepis  with  the  statement  that  hundreds  of  the  winged  form  are  living 
around  in  the  conservatory  of  the  college.  A  few  of  the  imagos  were 
bred  oul  November  25  from  the  pupae  sent,  by  Mr.  Perganda,  from 
which  the  description  of  the  adult  stage  has  been  made.  This  species 
is  interesting  as  occurring  on  a  fern.  Div.  Ent.  No.  8210.  Pupa-case 
described  from  numerous  specimens;  adult  ?.  from  3  specimens. 


81 


26.  Aleurodes  nicotianae  Maskell. 

Trans.  X.  Z.  Inst.,  1895,  p.  4.'W;  Entoin.  News,  VII,  p.  247.  On  Xirotiaua  talxintm, 
( ruanajuato,  Mexico. 

27.  Aleurodes  parvus  Hempel. 

Psyche,  vol.  8,  No.  280,  p.  395.    On  Maytenw  Bp.,  S.  Paulo,  Brazil. 

28.  Aleurodes  pergandei  u.sp.  I  Plate  III,  figures  34-37,  and  Plate  VII,  figure  72.) 
Papa-case.    SizeaboutO.78  by  0.5  mm.;  regularly  elliptical  in  shape; 

pale  yellow  in  color,  but  the  empty  case  almost  colorless.  The  most 
striking  character  of  this  species  is  the  exudation  from  the  dorsum  of 
long,  white,  curled  filaments  or  bundles  of  wax.  forming  a  beautiful 
and  relatively  large  rosette.  Near  the  margin  on  dorsum  is  a  series 
of  long,  curled,  and  slightly  flattened  bundles,  which,  extending  out- 
ward and  downward,  touching  surface  of  leaf,  becoming  irregularly 
eoiled  at  the  free  end.  So  copious  is  this  exudation  that  it  may  have 
a  diameter  of  3  mm.,  although  the  pupa-case  itself  is  but  0.78  mm. 
long.  From  the  central  dorsum  there  is  usually  a  stouter  form  of 
exudation,  somewhat  columnar,  but  not  extending  very  high  from 
case. 

These  bundles  of  wax  are  eomposed  of  many  very  minute  glassy 
threads  of  wax.  which  in  the  longer  lateral  bundles  become  quite  loose 
and  separated  on  the  lower  surface  of  bundle. 

On  the  dorsum,  but  very  close  to  margin  all  around,  is  a  series  of 
rather  closely  set,  more  or  less  circular,  pores.  These  occur  about  the 
diameter  of  a  pore  apart.  From  this  series  of  pores  is  produced  a 
fringe  of  rather  long,  tapering,  and  somewhat  curved  glassy  rods. 
These  project  out  laterally,  around  the  pupa-case,  as  is  usual  in  species 
of  this  type,  but  are  hardly  discernible  until  after  the  removal  of  the 
copious  rosette  of  white  wax  from  the  dorsum.  There  is  no  fringe 
from  the  marginal  wax  tubes,  although  these  form  a  distinct  lateral 
rim.  The  margin  is  crenulated,  with  the  incisions  acute.  There  is  a 
moderately  developed  vertical  fringe,  raising  the  pupa  case  up  some- 
what from  surface  of  leaf.  On  caudal  margin  there  is  a  pair  of 
moderately  developed  setae,  and  the  usual  small  caudo-lateral  pair  of 
seta?  is  present.  There  is  a  pair  of  small  setae  also  at  vasiform  orifice. 
Vasiform  orifice  broadly  ovate,  almost  as  broad  as  long:  cephalic 
margin  straight,  caudal  end  very  broadly  rounded.  Operculum  but 
little  more  than  one-half  the  length  of  orifice,  and  wider  than  long; 
cephalic  margin  straight,  and  almost  coincident  with  margin  of  orifice. 
Lingula  about  five-sixths  length  of  orifice,  stout,  and  broadly  spatulate. 
Distal  portion  with  three  pairs  of  lateral  lobes  and  a  terminal  lobe: 
also  bearing  a  pair  of  seta4,  which  project  caudad  out  beyond  orifice. 
Distal  portion  of  lingula  setose  in  the  usual  way. 

Advlt  9. — Length  about  <>.77  mm.;  fore-wing  L07  by  <>.">  mm.: 
length  of  hind  tibia  0.87  mm.:  length  of  hind  tarsus  0.23  mm.  Color 


32 


of  body  light  yellow,  legs  and  antennae  paler.  Eyes  reddish  brown, 
and  apparently  barely  divided,  each  part  subequal  and  subcircular 
in  outline.  Wings  immaculate.  Antennse  of  7  joints:  Joint  1,  short, 
usual;  joint  2,  subpyriform  and  obliquely  truncated  distally;  joint  3, 
long,  subcylindrical,  about  four-fifths  as  long  as  joints  5,  6,  and  7 
together;  joints  5  and  6,  subequal.  and  somewhat  longer  than  joints 
•i  and  7.  which  are  subequal.  In  hind  legs,  femur  about  three-fifths 
length  of  tibia,  middle  tarsus  three-fourths  length  of  hind  tarsus. 
In  fore-wing,  basal  veinlet  arising  at  very  base  of  wing,  and  appar- 
ently distinct  from  median.    Genitalia  usual. 

Collected  on  the  grounds  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  by  Mr.  Theodor  Pergande  on  P><<ni<>i>'m  radicans, 
September  3,  1881;  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Crataegus,  September  22, 
1SS2;  in  Virginia,  on  Hydrangea,  September  27,  1897.  This  same 
species  was  collected  by  the  writer  on  plum,  at  Pomona,  Ga.,  May  20, 
L899,  and  on  Crataegus,  Flint  River,  Spalding  County,  Ga.,  during 
August,  1899. 

This  insect  occurs  either  singly  or  in  groups  of  three  or  four  on  the 
under  surface  of  the  leaves.  It  is  at  once  one  of  our  prettiest  and 
most  striking  Aleurodids.  I  have  pleasure  in  naming  this  species  for 
M r.  Pergande.  Div.  Ent.,  Nos.  1002,  2861,  and  7800.  Type,  No.  1002^ 
Pupa-case  described  from  numerous  specimens;  adult  9  from  3 
specimens;  slide  1-32-39. 

29.  Aleurodes  perseae  n.  sp.    (Plate  IV,  figures  38-40.) 

Larva. — (Very  }Toung.  probably  in  first  stage.)  Size  about  0.338 
by  <>.18  mm.;  s u belli ptical,  very  slightly  narrowed  caudad.  Pale  yel- 
lowish white,  with  more  or  less  rectangular  spots  of  orange  in  the 
abdominal  region.  Eye  spots  reddish.  On  the  margin,  cepbalad  of 
eye-,  are  six  setse,  and  on  lateral  margins  of  thoracic  region  are  three 
on  each  side.  On  caudal  margin  are  six  setae,  the  middle  pair  of  which 
Is  considerably  longer  than  others.  On  ventral  surface,  just  within 
margin,  all  around,  is  a  series  of  sparsely  set  small  tubercled  seta1. 
Legs  and  antenna'  well  developed.    Vasiform  orifice  practically  as  in 

pupa-case. 

Pupa-COie.-  -Size  about  as*l  by  0.53  mm.;  shape  sulx'lliptical,  w  ith 
slightly  undulate  outline.  Color  under  hand  lens,  yellowish  brow  n; 
empty  pupa-case  practically  colorless.  There  seems  to  be  no  Lateral 
fringe,  and  the  margin  is  not  perceptibly  crenulated,  or  but  very  indis- 
tinctly: no  Lateral  wax  tubes  are  to  be  observed,  though  there  is  a 
thickened  line  on  the  margin.  There  is  a  profuse  dorsal  exudation: 
First,  ;i  rather  short,  downward-curving  fringe  of  pearly  white  wax, 
all  around,  arising  from  just  w  ithin  margin,  and  curling  outward  and 
downward  over  margin  to  near  surface  of  leaf.    'This  Cringe  is  hardly 

continuous  but  is  more  or  Less  split  apart  into  ribbons  or  bands.  Sec- 


33 


ond,  a  more  dorsal  exudation,  composed  of  three  thick,  inward,  and.  at 
the  tip,  downward-curving"  columns.  These  occur  in  a  triangle,  one 
on  each  side  and  one  at  end.  These  columns  of  white  wax  are  about 
as  high  as  pupa-case  is  wide.  The  pupa-case  is  almost  obscured  by 
this  exudation,  when  viewed  from  above.  There  is  a  short  vertical 
fringe  elevating  the  case  somewhat  from  the  surface  of  leaf.  On  the 
dorsum  are  5  pairs  of  cup-shaped  compound  pores,  four  pairs  on 
caudal  third  of  case,  and  the  lifth  pair  on  cephalic  segment,  one  m  ar 
each  cephalo-lateral  margin  of  ease.  The  margin  or  rim  of  each  cup 
is  thickened,  and  from  within  the  cup  then4  arises  a  rather  large  fluted 
cvlindrical  tube,  extending  upward,  about  one-half  its  length  beyond 
rim  of  cup.  Within  tube  at  base  is  a  short  conical  elevation.  The 
entire  structure  is  brownish  in  color.  Dorsum  void  of  well-developed 
setae  save  a  pair  just  within  caudal  margin.  A  pair  of  minute  setae 
occur  on  margin,  near  caudal  end  of  case.  There  is.  however,  just 
within  margin  of  case,  all  around  a  sparsely  set  row  of  minute,  brown- 
ish colored,  tubercled  seta3.  Vasiform  orifice  subcordate,  about  as 
long  as  wide,  cephalic  margin  straight,  coinciding  with  cephalic-  mar- 
gin of  operculum.  Operculum  sub  rectangular,  the  lateral  margins 
somewhat  rounded;  considerably  wider  than  long,  and  w  ith  caudal 
margin  almost  straight.  Lingula  relatively  large,  particularly  distally, 
where  it  becomes  broadly  spatula te;  longer  than  orifice,  and  bearing 
distally  two  pairs  of  setae,  the  smaller  pair  proximad.  Abdominal 
segments  moderately  distinct.  Rudimentary  feet  and  antennae  very 
evident. 

Adult. — The  following  note  is  by  Mr.  Pergande.  made  at  the  time 
of  receiving  the  material  at  the  Division  of  Entomology  at  Washing- 
ton :  "Wings  of  insect,  of  which  one  was  found,  transparent,  color- 
less, without  airy  marking,  and  they  are  covered  with  a  white  secretion, 
which  gives  them  a  milk-white  appearance.  The  body  is  yellow, 
slightly  reddish  toward  the  tip  of  abdomen.  Kvos  dark  brown." 
This  specimen,  mounted  on  a  tag,  had.  unfortunately,  become  detached 
before  it  came  into  the  writer's  hands,  but  from  the  general  structure 
of  the  pupa-ease,  particularly  the  vasiform  orifice,  and  in  the  presence 
of  the  dorsal  cup-shaped  compound  pores,  it  will  probably  prove  to 
be  an  Alturodivus. 

On  Piersed  oaroUnensis^  from  Dr.  li.  S.  Turner,  Fort  George,  Kla., 
April  22,  1880.  Div.  Ent.  No.  496.  Larva  described  from  numerous 
specimens;  pupa-ease  from  three  specimens. 

30.  Aleurodes  phaloenoides  Blanchard. 

Infl.  Voy.  du  Chile,  deGtty.,  1840,  p.  31tt.    Alw,  wo  Ann.  do  la  S««-.  Km.  «lr 
France,  Dec,  18(>7,  p.  399. 

31.  Aleurodes  plumosa  D.  Bp.    (Plato  III,  figures  31-83.) 

Pupa-cane. — Size  about  O.T2  by  0.46  mm.;  shape  Bubelliptical,  bat 
somewhat  variable  in  outline.     The  shiny,  black  case,  as  seen  under  a 
21490— No.  8  8 


84 


hand  lens,  is  much  hidden  by  the  dorsal  exudation  of  whitish  waxen 
ribbons  or  plumes.  Under  microscope  the  case  is  very  dark  brown. 
These  waxy  ribbons,  in  perfect  specimens,  are  quite  twice  as  long  as 
the  case  is  wide:  these  occur  usually  from  3  to  4  on  each  side  of  dor- 
sum and  more  or  less  continuous  at  base,  extending  upward  and  out- 
ward. There  is  also  a  central,  upright,  thick  column,  composed  of 
the  united  exudations  from  the  more  cephalic  of  the  abdominal  seg- 
ments. In  the  caudal  pair  the  plumes  are  semi-tubular.  From  the 
suture  extending  cephalad  to  margin  of  case  from  the  third  thoracic 
segment,  there  arises  on  each  side  a  thin  ribbon  of  wax,  the  two 
united  cephalad,  and  spreading  distally  into  a  broad  wavy  plume,  and 
from  between  which  arises  a  thin  but  broad  plume.  There  is  a  lateral 
fringe  of  amorphous  wax  extending  out  in  considerable  quantity  on 
the  leaf,  all  around  margin  of  case.  Margin  of  case  crenulated  with 
a  double  row  of  wax  tubes,  the  dorsal  series  somewhat  within  the 
lower.  Just  within  the  rim  all  around  is  a  series  of  small  dark-colored 
disc-like  tubercles  or  dots,  and  small  dots  of  this  character  may  occur 
in  transverse  rows  across  the  dorsum  at  about  the  middle  of  the  seg- 
ment-. There  are  two  pairs  of  well-developed,  brownish-colored  seta? 
at  caudal  end.  a  pair  just  within  caudal  margin,  and  a  pair  at  vasit'orm 
orifice;  on  the  margin  of  case  there  is  a  small  pair  in  the  usual  caudo- 
lateral  region,  and  a  pair  at  cephalic  end.  Under  high  power  of 
microscope  the  subdorsal  area  is  seen  to  be  covered  with  minute  pores, 
from  which  is  exuded  the  ribbons  of  wax.  These  pores  also  occur 
along  the  central  abdominal  line.  Vasiform  orifice  subcordate,  almost 
as  I » road  as  long;  cephalic  margin  nearly  straight,  caudal  end  bluntly 
rounded.  Operculum  about  one-third  the  length  of  orifice;  lingula 
quite  rudimentary,  short,  not  more  than  half  the  length  of  operculum. 
Pupa-case  but  little  convex,  even  at  maturity.  Body  segments  moder- 
ately distinct.    On  ventral  surface,  feet  quite  distinct. 

Adult? — Length  about  0.80  mm.;  fore-wing  0.95  by  0.33  mm.; 
length  of  hind  tibia  0.24  mm.;  length  of  hind  tarsus  0.17  mm.;  color, 
Lemon  yellow,  legs  and  antenme  paler.  Byes  but  little  divided,  dorsal 
portion  reddish;  central,  deep  brownish  red;  wings  immaculate.  Joint 
1  of  antenna1  short,  not  quite  one-half  length  of  second;  joint  2,  pear- 
shaped,  about  one-half  as  wide  as  long;  joint  3,  about  as  long  as  the  four 
remaining  joints  together;  joint  4,  about  two-thirds  length  of  fifth; 
joint  -  5,  ♦'».  and  7.  subequal  in  length;  joint  5,  somewhat  swollen  dis- 
tally; joint  7.  with  a  BtrictureOD  one  side  about  the  middle  of  its  length, 

tapering  to  an  acute  point.    Omentum  of  three  joints,  usual.  Operca 
Lum  seen  in  lateral  aspect  and  w  hen  elevated,  subcorneal;  Lingula  con- 
siderably protruded  subcylindrical,  with  an  upward  bend  near  middle, 
and  aearer  end  there  is  another  bend,  but  down  to  the  horizontal. 

A  rather  common  species  in  Florida  hammocks  and  higher  wood- 
lands; on  leav  es  of  various  plants,  as  Pci'xcd  curoluwiixiis,  Miujnoli  ( 


35 


grandiflora;  M.glauca;  Ilexopaca;  Vtburnwn  nudum  and  Vaccinium 
spp.  Adults  have  been  bred  out  by  the  writer.  Pupa-case  described 
from  numerous  examples;  adult  9  from  two  specimens.  Types  in  Div. 
Ent.  collection. 

32.  Aleurodes  pyrolae  Gillette  and  Baker. 

Prelim.  Rep.  Hemip.  Colo.,  p.  125  (Colo.  Agrl.  Exp.  Sta.,  Bui.  31,  Tech.  Ser.). 
On  Pyrola  rotund  if olia,  Four  Mile  Hill,  8  miles  south  of  Steamboat  Springs, 
Colo. 

33.  Aleurodes  quercus-aquaticae  n.  sp.  (Plate  IV,  figures  41-44.) 
Pupa-case. — Size  about  0.95  by  0.81  mm.;  shape  very  broadly  sub- 
ovate,  broadest  about  the  middle.  On  the  margin  of  case,  on  each 
side,  in  the  cephalo-lateral  region,  there  is  an  indenture,  and  a  thick- 
ened and  darker  colored  area  on  the  marginal  wax  tubes.  Oephalad 
from  this  rounded  indenture  the  ease  is  considerably  narrower.  Color 
under  hand  lens,  shining  black;  under  microscope  by  transmitted  light, 
the  color  is  brown,  with  the  sutures  dark  brown.  Pupa-case  very 
flat,  scarcely  at  all  convex.  There  is  a  lateral  continuous  fringe 
all  around  somewhat  longer  than  one-half  the  width  of  case.  This 
fringe  is  applied  closely  to  leaf,  and  is  semi-gelatinous  in  appearance, 
the  rods  more  or  less  indistinct  basally,  and  frequently  appearing  as  a 
structureless  semi-transparent  rim.  From  the  indentures  on  the 
cephalo-lateral  margin,  on  each  side,  and  from  the  caudal  end  of  case, 
pencils  of  white  wax  are  exuded  out  into  the  semi-gelatinous  fringe, 
and  by  contrast  are  somewhat  conspicuous.  On  the  dorsum,  there 
may  be  a  light  and  fragmentary  exudation  of  wax  along  the  body  seg- 
ments, but  this  is  frequently  absent.  Margin  of  case,  distinctly  cren- 
ulated,  and  there  are  two  series  of  wax  tubes  all  around  on  the 
margin;  these  are  quite  close  together,  the  dorsal  series  being  almost 
superimposed.  The  somewhat  transparent  lines  between  the  dorsal 
series  of  wax  tubes,  extend  mesad  with  varying  distinctness  to  a  very 
faint  line  all  around,  morphologically  equal  to  the  inner  margin  of 
rim.  Lisrht-colored  lines  may  extend  mesad  from  this  line.  Laterally, 
to  the  body  segments,  but  hardly  continuous  with  the  lines  between 
wax  tubes.  Dorsum  with  very  small  black  dots,  occurring  in  a  broad 
and  loose  band  on  each  side  of  dorsum,  the  bands  of  each  side  termi- 
nating oephalad  at  the  transparent  eye  spots,  and  coalescing  caudad  at 
the  vasiform  orifice*.  Along  the  sutures  of  body  Segments  narrow 
lines  of  these  dots  occur,  usually  on  both  sides  of  the  suture. 

Centrally,  the  body  segments  are  quite  distinct;  the  third  thoracic 
segment  bends  cephalad  on  each  side  to  near  the  thickened  area-  on 
the  marginal  indentures  of  case.  On  the  dorsum,  near  tin*  outer  limit 
of  the  abdominal  segments,  is  a  row  on  each  side  of  very  small  trans- 
parent spots.  There  is  a  pair  of  small  BCtflB  just  cephalad  of  vasi- 
form orifice,  and  a  pair  just  within  caudal  margin  of  case,  a  seta  on 
each  side  of  the  thickened  marginal  patch  of  tabes,  from  which  orig- 


36 

inates  the  caudal  pencil  of  white  wax  previously  mentioned.  Vasi- 
fonri  orifice  can  not  be  made  out  with  certainty,  hut  it  is  relatively 
small,  short,  and  about  twice  as  wide  as  long,  and  is  surrounded  with 
an  obscure  fluted  rim. 

Adult  $  . — Length  about  0.86  mm.;  fore-wing  1  by  0.46  mm.; 
immaculate.  Body  yellow,  eyes  reddish  and  dumb-bell  shape,  not 
divided.  Antenna',  joint  1,  short,  cup-shaped;  joint  2,  subpyriform, 
about  two-thirds  as  wide  as  long;  joint  3.  quite  long  and  relatively 
large,  cylindrical,  except  at  base,  where  it  is  tapering,  not  quite  as  long 
as  joints  5,  6,  and  7  together;  joint  4,  short,  about  one-half  length  of 
fifth;  joints  5  and  6,  subequal  in  length;  joint  7,  slightly  longer  than 
joint  4.  Mentum  much  reduced  in  size,  plainly  abnormally  reduced. 
Genitalia  usual;  valves  strong  and  clasping  at  tip;  penis  curved  upwards, 
tapering,  and  enlarged  at  base. 

This  specie-  occurs  more  or  less  singly  on  leaves  of  Qua  res  aquatica, 
on  the  campus  of  the  Florida  Agricultural  College,  at  Lake  City. 
Pupa-case  described  from  numerous  specimens;  adult  bred  out  by  the 
writer,  from  one  specimen.    Types  in  Div.  Ent.  collection. 

34.  Aleurodes  rolfsii  Quaintance. 

Can.  Ent.  Vol.  XXXI,  p.  90.    From  Upola,  Fla.,  on  cultivated  Geranium. 

35.  Aleurodes  ruborum  Cockerell. 

.In.  X.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  V.,  No.  11,  p.  96.  See  also  Ann.  Kept.  Fla.  Agr. 
Bxpt  Sta.,  1898,  p.  66.  On  cultivated  Rubus,  Lake  City,  Fla.  Also  occurs  on 
Rubus  cuneifolius  at  Lake  City  and  San  Mateo,  Fla. 

36.  Aleurodes  spiraeoidesn.  Bp.  (PlatelV,  %nres 45-49,  and  Flate  VIII,  figure  74.) 

Larva.-  Size  about  0.78  by  0.52  mm. ;  subelliptical  in  shape,  becom- 
ing aarrower  caudad.  Color,  light  yellow.  In  very  young  larvae 
there  is  a  rather  narrow  cottony  marginal  fringe,  but  in  older  specimens 
this  La  in  most  cases  wanting.  The  margin  is  Hat  and  closely  applied 
to  leaf.  Abdominal  segments  moderately  distinct;  thoracic  segments 
obscure.  Margin  of  case  delicately  crenulated,  the  ends  of  the  wax 
tubes  rounded,  and  the  shallow  indentures  acute.  Dorsum  void  of 
pores,  papillae,  and  seta'.  There  are.  however,  three  pairs  of  setae  on 
margin:  A  Bmall  pair  at  cephalic  end,  a  well-developed  pair  at  caudal 

end,  and  a  small  pair  at  caudal  end.  a  seta  on  each  side  of  larger  pair. 
There  i-  n<>  marginal  rim.  Vasiform  orifice  essentially  as  in  pupa- 
case.  On  ventral  surface  the  legs  are  quite  obscure.  The  small  eye 
spots  are  reddish. 

Pupa-case.  Size,  about  1.  L5  by  0.83  mm.;  broadly  elliptical  in  shape, 
and  bright  lemon-yellow  in  color.     In  the  more  mature  specimens  there 

i>  more  or  less  of  reddish  coloration,  due  to  the  developing  pupa  within, 
Pupa  case  rajher  strongly  convex,  and  but  little  flattened  at  the  mar- 
gin.   There  is  do  lateral  fringe,  but  a  more  or  less  slanting  waxen  rim 

is  present  in  older  specimens,  raising  the  case  a  short  distance  from 


37 


surface  of  leaf.  This  waxen  rim  is  doubtless  homologous  to  the  verti- 
cal fringe  of  certain  species,  and  may  vary  in  direction  from  vertical, 
underneath  the  case,  to  a  lateral  fringe,  having  the  general  appear- 
ance of  a  true  lateral  fringe.  In  the  removal  of  dried  specimens,  this 
waxen  rim  usually  remains  attached  to  the  leaf.  Margin  of  case  cren- 
ulated  by  a  narrow  rim  of  closely  set  wax  tubes.  On  cephalic  margin 
a  pair  of  small  setae  may  occur,  and  a  pair  also  on  caudal  margin. 
Just  within  caudal  margin  on  dorsum,  caudad  of  vasiform  orifice,  there 
is  a  somewhat  larger  pair.  Dorsum  without  pores  and  papillae,  and 
there  is  no  dorsal  waxy  secretion.  The  abdominal  segments  are  but 
moderately  distinct;  thoracic  segments  obscure. 

Vasiform  orifice  broadly  ovate,  almost  as  broad  as  long.  Opercu- 
lum less  than  one-half  length  of  orifice,  subtrapezoidal,  cephalic  mar- 
gin straight,  caudal  end  truncate.  Lingula  extending  nearly  the 
length  of  orifice,  spatulate,  the  enlarged  distal  portion  minutely  setose. 
Distal  end  bearing  two  small  lobes.  Two  long  seta'  arise  from  ventral 
surface  of  distal  end  of  lingula  and  project  caudad  out  beyond  the  ori- 
fice. Just  cephalad  of  vasiform  orifice  is  a  bow-shaped  thickening  of 
the  tegument  of  case. 

Adult  $. — Length  about  0.95  mm.;  fore-wing,  1.38  by  0.56  mm.; 
length  of  hind-tibia,  0.46  mm.;  length  of  hind  tarsus,  0.3mm.  Color,, 
as  given  by  Mr.  T.  Pergande,  on  fresh  material:  "The  winged  insects 
are  covered  with  a  white  bloom;  the  front  wings  have  two  rather  indis- 
tinct dusky  spots,  one  a  little  beyond  the  middle  and  the  other  near 
the  apex,  and  one  near  apex  of  posterior  wings;  this  bloom  is  easily 
rubbed  off,  and  the  insect  appears  then  to  be  yellow  or  greenish- 
yellow.  The  eyes  are  reddish-brown  and  the  legs  and  antennae  more 
or  less  dusky.  The  thorax  is  marked  with  blackish,  and  the  abdomi- 
nal segments  3  to  7  have  each  a  blackish  transverse  band,  which 
becomes  gradually  broader  toward  the  end  of  the  body.  Vertex  and 
front  of  head  blackish.    Veins  slightly  yellowish." 

Antennae  of  7  joints:  Joint  1  short,  subglobular;  2,  about  twice 
length  of  l,and  subpy rit'orm.  obliquely  truncate  distally;  3, long,  sub- 
cylindrical,  as  long  as  joints  4,  5,  and  6  together.  Joints  5,  6,  and  7 
subequal.  Joint  4,  slightly  shorter  than  5.  Mentum  with  three  joints, 
usual.  Tibia  of  second  pair  legs  two-thirds  length  of  tibia  of  third 
pair,  the  latter  about  equal  in  length  to  an  antenna.  Operculum  con- 
vex, more  than  twice  as  broad  as  long.  Lingula  protruded,  rather 
swollen,  cylindrical,  and  bluntly  rounded,  protruding  about  one  and 
one-third  times  the  length  of^ operculum. 

Eyes  much  constricted  near  the  middle,  but  hardly  divided.  Wings 
obscurely  marked  with  dusky;  On  fore-wing  an  obscure  spot  may 
occur  along  main  vein  at  its  distal  end,  and  another  spot  a  little  distad 
of  middle.  On  hind-wing  there  is  an  obscure  spot  at  distal  end  of  vein. 
Jn  fore-wing,  basal  \  einlet  arising  from  base  of  wing,  and  apparently 


38 


distinct  from  main  vein.  Genitalia  forcipate;  valves  rather  short  and 
stout.  Penis  about  four-fifths  length  of  valves,  somewhat  enlarged  at 
base,  where  it  curves  upward:  distally  it  becomes  abruptly  narrowed 
to  an  acute  and  curved  point. 

Insects  received  by  the  Division  of  Entomology  at  Washington,  from 
several  correspondents  in  California,  as:  Alexander  Craw,  Los  Angeles. 
October  23,  L880,  on  leaves  of  Fuchsia,  which,  it  is  reported,  were  badly 
infested:  D.  W.  Coquillett,  Los  Angeles,  October  21,  1887,  on  Son- 
okus;  A.  Koebele,  Alameda,  during  November  of  1887,  on  Convolvu- 
lus occidentalism  A.  Koebele,  Alameda,  November  5,  1885,  on  Malvia 
rotundifoMa.  Specimens  also  collected  by  Prof.  J.  H.  Comstock,  on 
Iris,  October  20,  1880  (locality  not  given).  Div.  Ent.  Nos.  750  (on 
[ris);  741  (on  Fuchsia);  328  (on  Convolvulus occidentalis) ;  4218  (on  Son- 
chus),  and  37  (on  Malvia rottindifoUa). 

Pupa-case  approaches  citri  in  color  and  outline,  but  is  much  more 
convex,  and  differs  in  having  a  vertical  fringe,  in  the  absence  of  the 
eephalo-lateral  and  caudal  indentures  and  thickenings  of  the  margin, 
and  the  vasiform  orifice  is  widely  different.  It  also  approaches  spi* 
of  Douglas,  but  differs  in  the  absence  of  abdominal  rows  of  tuber- 
cles and  in  the  presence  of  seta'  at  vasiform  orifice.  (Div.  Ent.  Nos., 
37,  32S.  74 1 .  7r><  >.  and  421 8. )  Type  of  all  stages  741.  Immature  stages 
described  from  numerous  specimens;  adult  $  «  from  six  specimens. 

37.  Aleurodes  stellata  Maskell. 

Trans.  X.  Z.  Inst.  1895,  p.  442.    On  Lignum  vUx,  in  company  with  A.  jloccosa, 
Jamaica. 

38.  Aleurodes  tracheifer  n.  sp.    (Plate  V,  figures  50-5 2,  and  Plate  VIII,  figure  73.) 

Pupa-case.-  Size  about  0.81  by  0.52  mm.:  subelliptical,  slightly  nar- 
rowed cephalad.  Color,  under  hand  Lens,  rather  dull  black:  under 
microscope,  deep  brownish  in  color,  with  the  narrow  marginal  rim  all 
around  much  lighter.  There  is  a  copious,  white,  somewhat  cottony, 
lateral  fringe,  which  may  extend  out,  flat  on  the  leaf,  quite  twice  the 
width  of  pupa-case.  Basally  this  forms  a  continuous  fringe  all  around, 
hut  becomes  separated  into  several  Lobes  from  about  the  basal  third 
out.  Lateral  wax  tubes  very  prominent,  rounded  distally:  the  inci- 
sions about  as  deep  as  tubes  are  wide  and  rounded  at  base.  On  the 
dorsum  there  may  occur,  along  the  middle  line,  a  light  mealy  exuda- 
tion. There  is  along  the  dorsi-meson  an  evident  rounded  keel  extendi 
ing  cephalad  from  vasiform  orifice  to  margin  of  case,  but  not  so 
pronounced  in  the  thoracic  region,  where  cephalad,  it  becomes  widened 
out  suddenly  into* an  arrow-shaped  figure?  Along  the  abdominal  seg- 
ments it  is  semitubular,  and  merges  caudad  Into  an  ovate  rim  around 
the  vasiform  orifice,  the  whole  producing  somewhat  the  appearance  of 
a  trachea  (windpipe),  with  voice  box  (the  vasiform  orifice)  attached. 
There  Is  In  the  thoracic  region  on  each  side,  a  short  distance  within  the 
margin,  a  curved,  depressed  line,  extending  caudad  to  about  thu  sec- 


39 


ond  abdominal  segment.  Abdominal  segments  distinct,  extending  out 
to  marginal  rim,  and  Btrongly  reflexed  caudad. 

Dorsum  with  four  pairs  of  well-developed  seta1;  a  pair  on  cephalic 
region;  a  pair  on  metathorax;  a  pair  at  vasiform  orifice,  a  seta  on  each 
side,  and  a  pair  on  tin1 '  caudal  (Mid  of  the  large,  thickened,  subovate 
rim.  surrounding  the  vasiform  orifice.  There  is  a  pair  of  minute  white 
setffi  on  the  cephalic  margin  of  case,  and  the  usual  caudo-lateral  pair 
is  present.  Vasiform  orifice  semicircular,  as  broad  as  Long;  cephalic 
margin  almost  straight.  Operculum  subsemicircular,  hut  broader 
than  Long,  minutely  setose  distaHy.  Lingula  moderately  developed, 
reaching  caudal  margin  of  operculum;  enlarged  distally  and  minutely 
setose.    The  operculum  and  lingula  are  made  out  with  difficulty. 

Adults. — Unknown. 

Sent  to  the  Division  of  Entomology  at  Washington,  June  2,  1  si >7. 
on  "Escabillo,"  collected  at  Las  Minas,  Tobasco,  Mexico,  by  Mr. 
C.  I  [.  T.  Towusend;  Div.  Ent.  No.  7817.    Described  from  0  specimens. 

39.  Aleurodes  vaporariorum  WVstwood. 

Gard.  Chron.,  1856,  p.  852;  Signoret,  Ann.  de  la  Soc.  Ent.  de  France,  Dec,  1867, 
p.  387;  W.  E.  Britten,  Ninth  Ann.  Rept.  Conn.  Agr.  Expt.  Sta.,  1895,  Ft.  II, 
p.  203. 

A  species  widely  distributed  in  Europe,  and  has  been  recorded  on 
Gonolobus,  Tecvma,  Bignonia,  Aphelandra,  Solamun,  Tomato,  &<ilr!<i 
splendens,  and  LarUana  Commara.  Specimens  have  been  received  by 
the  Division  of  Entomology,  United  States  Departmentof  Agriculture, 
of  what  appears  to  be  this  species,  from  the  following  localities  in  the 
United  States:  Fre,ehold,N.  J., on Fuchsiu t;  Fairburg,  111.,  on  Fuchsia; 
Boston,  Mass.,  on  Fuchsia,  Pi  largondum,  and  other  plants;  New  Haven. 
Conn.,  on  Tomato;  Storrs,  Conn.,  on  house  plant;  West  Grove,  Pa., 
on  Otcalis,  and  what  is  probably  the  same  species,  from  Goshen.  Ind. 
These  insects,  to  a  considerable  extent,  occur  on  greenhouse  plants, 
which  fact  probably  has  a  bearing  on  their  present  distribution. 

Div.  Ent.  Nos.  L192,  2124,  2224,  4.354.  4590,4895,  and  <;;:>:>. 

40.  Aleurodes  variabilis  n.  Bp,     (Plate  V,  figures  53-55.) 

Egg. — Length,  exclusive  of  stalk.  0.2  mm. ;  width  one-fifteenth  mm. ; 
shape  oblong,  tapering  toward  apical  end.  which  is  bluntly  rounded, 
and  about  one-half  the  width  of  egg  at  widest  part;  unmarked;  color 
whitish  when  fresh;  with  advanced  embryo,  yellowish.  Stalk  about 
one-sixth  length  of  egg,  attached  to  center  at  base,  bearing  several 
short  irregular  prongs. 

Larva. — Length,  0.5  mm.;  width,  0.3  mm.;  regularly  elliptical  in 
outline,  flat.  Color,  uniformly  light  yellowish.  Wax  tubes,  seen  from 
above,  rounded  distally.  No  marginal  fringe.  Abdominal  segments 
moderately  distinct;  thoracic,  less  so.  Noporesor  papilhe.  as  in  pupa- 
case.  There  is  a  pair  of  well-developed,  brownish-colored  seta1  aris- 
ing from  caudal  margin,  and  extending  dorso-caudad,  as  in  pupa-ca>e; 


40 


a  pair  of  minute  setae  is  sometimes  present  on  second  abdominal  seg- 
ment and  on  prothorax  near  dorsi-meson.  Vasiform  orifice  practically 
as  in  pupa-case. 

Pupa-case— Length,  0.65mm.;  width,  0.36  mm.,  varying' somewhat; 
regularly  elliptical.    Under  hand-lens  on  leaf,  small,  yellowish,  due  to 
developing  pupa  within;  more  or  less  mottled  with  orange.  Empty 
(base,  dear  white.  Very  young  pupa-case  flat;  after  drying,  may  become 
concave.    Older  pupa?  raised  on  vertical  fringe  of  white  waxen  rods, 
the  length  of  which  varies  with  the  age  of  the  pupa.  Mature 
pupa-case,  somewhat  convex  above;  inclosed  pupa  bright  yellow,  with 
the  eyes  brownish  red.    Margin  of  case  crenulated,  somewhat  irregu- 
larly! by  shallow  incisions  between  the  wax  tubes.    No  marginal 
fringe*  a  pair  of  small  seta?  near  caudo-lateral  region.    A  narrow 
marginal  rim  may  be  distinguished.    Abdominal  segments  moderately 
distinct;  those  of  thorax  less  so.    Four  pairs  of  brown  setae  may 
occur  near  dorsi-meson.    These  may  be  all  long  and  equally  developed, 
or  any  or  all  pairs  may  be  reduced  to  mere  traces.    Usually  the  cau-  J 
dal  pair  is  well  developed;  it  is  situated  within  the  caudal  margin  and  j 
extends  dorso-caudad  some  distance  beyond  case.    The  first  pair,  sit- 1 
uated  on  thorax,  is  usually  reduced,  or  quite  obliterated,  as  may  be  j 
also,  but  less  frequently,  the  second  pair  on  the  second  abdominal  seg-  J 
ment.    The  third  pair  is  situated  near  the  vasiform  orifice,  a  seta  on  j 
each  side,  near  its  cephalic  margin.    This  pair  is  not  infrequently  as  1 
well  developed  as  caudal  pair,  but  usually  less  so.    There  may  be  a  j 
submarginal  row  all  around  of  rather  closely  set  papillae,  each  bear- 
ing  a  white,  waxen,  curved  rod.    Circular  pores  may  also  occur  in 
this  row  of  papillae,  the  two  intcrgrading.    Just  mesad  of  this  row  of 
papilhe,  pores  may  occur  irregularly,  similar  to  those  in  the  submar- 
ginal row.  and  from  which  also  arise  white,  waxen,  curved  rods.  Usu-J 
ally  these  papillae  and  pores  are  not  discernible,  or  but  faintly;  those  I 
of  the  caudal  and  cephalic  margins  persist  longest.    When  but  dis-  j 
cernible,  there  are  no  rods.    All  gradations  may  occur  from  the  entire 
absence  of  pores  and  papilla1  to  a  complete  set,  bearing  rods. 

Vasiform  orifice  large,  ovate,  broad  end  cephalad;  a  rounded  inden- 
ture OH  caudal  end.  Orifice  about  four-fifths  as  wide  as  long.  From 
the  inside, of  the  lateral  and  caudal  margin  distinct  corrugations,  or 
folds,  extend  downward  and  inward  in  the  orifice  cavity.  Operculum 
somewhat  semielliptical  in  outline,  about  two-fifths  the  length  of 
Orifice  and  about  twice  as  wide  at  base  as  long.  Lingula  well  devel- 
oped, about  four-lift  lis  as  long  as  orilice;  the  basal  part  is  about  one- 
fifth  of  its  length,  with  thickened,  centrally  curving  margins;  the 
succeeding  two-fifths  LS  subrectangular  in  outline  as  seen  from  above; 
distal  two-fifths  enlarged,  with  three  lobes  on  each  side  and  a  distal 
lobe;  distal  four-fifths,  setose,  thicker  on  distal  portion;  from  distal 
end  arises  below  a  pair  of  well-developed  upward  curving  seta\  pro- 


41 


jecting  caudad  to  margin  of  orifice.  Just  cephalad  of  orifice  are  two 
sets  of  crescent-shaped  thickenings.  A  shallow  furrow  extends  caudad 
from  orifice  to  margin  of  pupa-case.  On  ventral  surface,  the  reduced 
legs  may  be  made  out  with  difficulty. 

Adult  9  .  —  Length  about  0.833  nun. :  Length  of  front  wing,  0.95  mm. ; 
width,  0.33  mm.;  Length  of  antennae,  about  0.25  mm.;  length  of  hind 
tibia,  0.3  mm.;  length  of  hind  tarsus,  0.216  nun.;  color,  lemon  yellow; 
feet  and  antennae,  lighter;  wings,  immaculate,  anterior  margin  of  both 
paii-s.  reddish.  Eyes,  brownish  black.  Antennae,  seven  jointed;  joint 
1.  very  short,  about  one-third  as  long  as  second,  subcorneal,  distally 
somewhat  obliquely  truncate:  joint  2,  pear  shaped,  not  quite  twice  as 
long  as  wide,  oblique  distally:  joint  3,  long,  slender,  as  long  as  4,  5, 
6,  and  7  together,  subcy  lindrical.  bearing  distally  on  outer  side  a  group 
of  setae;  5  and  6,  club-shaped;  7,  somewhat  fusiform,  but  tapering 
abruptly,  distally  bearing  a  terminal  seta  on  distal  oblique  margin. 
Joints  3  and  distad,  coarsely  ringed. 

Hind  femur  two-thirds  length  of  tibia;  tarsus  about  two-thirds 
length  of  tibia;  distal  joint  of  tarsus,  excluding  claw,  two-thirds  length 
of  proximal:  trochanter  bearing  two  long  setae  on  caudal  side.  Men- 
turn,  three  jointed:  basal  joint  about  as  long  as  other  two,  gradually 
widening  distally:  second  joint  a  1  tout  one-half  as  long  as  third;  third 
joint  tapering  gradually  to  blunt  point,  which  is  tipped  with  black. 

Vasiform  orifice,  subcircular,  as  seen  from  above;  operculum  slightly 
Convex;  concave  on  caudal  margin,  which  is  minutely  setose;  lingula 
protruding,  gradually  enlarged  distally.  minutely  setose.  Genitalia, 
usual.  Eyes  oblong,  somewhat  constricted  near  middle.  In  first  pair 
of  wings  the  main  vein  is  long,  extending  nearly  to  tip.  becoming 
gradually  fainter  from  distal  half.  A  basal  veinlet  arises  from  base  of 
wing,  and  extends  obliquely  backwards  to  margin.  Margins  of  both 
pairs  of  wings  delicately  beaded  all  around.  A  short  row  of  seta'  on 
cephalic  margin  of  second  pair  at  base,  the  distal  two  of  which  are 
three  or  four  times  longer  than  the  others. 

$  . — Length  about  0.5  mm.;  proportionately  smaller  than  female. 
Genitalia  forcipate,  the  valves  strongly  curved  at  tip:  penis  tapering, 
a  little  more  than  one-half  the  length  of  valves,  strongly  curved 
upward,  the  strongest  curve  near  base. 

This  species  is  exceedingly  abundant  on  the  common  papaw  {Carioa 
papwva)  at  Miama.  Florida.  The  under  surface  of  the  leaves  of  the 
plant  are  frequently  quite  covered  with  the  pupa- cases,  larva1,  and 
eggs.  The  adults  are  also  exceedingly  abundant,  usually  resting  on  the 
under  surface  of  the  younger  leaves.  The  different  stages  described 
from  numerous  specimens.    Types  in  Div.  Knt.  Collection. 

41.  Aleurodes  vinsonioides  Cockerell. 

Psyche,  Vol.  S,  No.  L>IM>,  p.  L'L'ti;  Fnmtera,  Tabasco,  Mexico. 

On  undetermined  tree 


42 


42.  Aleurodes  vittata  n.  sp.     (Plate  V,  figures  56-58.) 

Egg. — Size  0.25  by  0.09  mm.;  slightly  curved;  color,  pale  yellow, 
unmarked.    Stalk  very  short. 

La/rva. — Size  0.52  by  0.33  mm.;  shape  subelliptical,  somewhat 
narrowed  caudad.  Color  whitish,  very  flat,  and  closely  applied  to 
leaf.  No  lateral  fringe;  margin  finery  crenulated,  but  without  distinct 
marginal  rim.  Dorsum  void  of  waxy  exudation.  From  caudal  end 
projects  a  pair  of  moderately  stout  tubercled  setae.  Vasiform  orifice 
practically  as  in  pupa-case. 

Pupa-case. — Size  about  0.75  by  0.52  mm.;  shape  elliptical.  Color 
dark  brown,  with  the  margin  of  dorsum  all  around,  and  a  broad  stripe 
down  dorsi-meson,  whitish.  The  coloration  is  usually  deepest  just 
Laterad  of  the  central  dorsal  stripe,  and  gradually  fading  toward  the 
margin. 

Body  segments  quite  distinct,  the  thoracic  more  so  than  abdominal, 
appearing  as  white  lines  extending  across  the  dorsum. 

There  is  no  marginal  fringe,  although  the  lateral  wax  tubes  are  well 
developed.  Just  within  the  margin,  all  around  on  the  dorsum,  is  a 
closely  set  series  of  short  papillae,  or  pores,  from  which  is  produced  a 
fringe  of  rather  short,  slightly  curved,  glassy  waxen  rods.  These  are 
longest  on  cephalic  and  caudal  margins.  Along  lateral  margin,  at 
more  or  less  regular  intervals,  longer  and  stouter  wax  rods  are  pro- 
duced. Just  within  this  submarginal  series  of  papillae  is  an  irregular 
row  all  around  of  small  transparent  spots,  and  these  may  also  occur 
somewhat  promiscuously  over  the  dorsum,  but  are  most  numerous 
over  the  central  dorsal  portion.  Around  the  sub-dorsal  area  the  case 
ismarked  with  more  or  less  reticulated  lines,  which  extend  out  plainly 
to  the  sub-marginal  series  of  pores.  Pupa-case  applied  quite  closely 
to  leaf,  and  there  seems  to  be  no  vertical  fringe.  On  the  margin,  at 
caudal  end  of  case,  there  is.  on  each  side  of  the  furrow  from  the  vasi- 
form orifice,  a  moderately  stout  seta,  and  the  usual  caudo-lateral  pair 
is  present  on  margin  of  case.  Vasiform  oritice  subovate.  about  four- 
fifths  as  wide  as  long;  the  inner  Lateral  margin  much  corrugated. 
( Operculum  subelliptical,  scarcely  one-half  the  length  of  orifice.  Lin- 
gula about  three  fourths  length  of  orifice,  subspatulate,  the  distal  part 
with  three  pairs  of  lateral  Lobes  and  a  terminal  lobe.  Two  setse  arise 
from  caudal  end  of  lingula,  and  project  caudad  to  margin  of  oritice. 
Both  operculum  and  lingula  minutely  setose  distally. 

Adults. — Unknown. 

This  species  occurs  on  Leaves  of  chaparral,  and  has  been  received 
i»\  the  Division  of  Entomology  at  Washington,  I).  C.,  from  W.  E. 
( lollins,  ( )nt ai  io.  Cal.,  July.  L894;  A.  .1.  ( Jook,  ( Jlaremont,  Cal.,  August 
1  I.  L894;  Mud  from  S.  A.  Pease,  Pomona, Cal.,  August  30,  L894.  Div. 
Ent.  No.  631  1.    Described  from  three  eggs,  three  larva.',  and  numerous 

pupa-caae*. 


43 


Genus  ALEURODICUS  Doug-las. 

With  the  genera]  characters  of  the  family,  but  differing  from 
Aleurodes  in  having  the  vein  in  both  pairs  of  wings  with  a  distal  and 
basal  branch. 

TABLB  OF  BPBCDBB  OF  ALEUBODICUB.1 

Whip-;  of  adults  immaculate. 

9 — Length  2.1  nun.;  wing  expanse  4.1  mm.;  length  hind  tibia  0.78  mm. ; 
length  hind  tarsus  0.36  mm. ;  dull  honey  yellow  with  eyes  darker.  Joint 
3  of  antenna1  as  long  as  the  three  distal  joints  together,  and  twice  as 
long  as  joints  1  and  2  together.  Pupa-ease  secreting  an  abundance  of 
white  wax  and  very  long  glassy  filaments,  ovate,  or  very  broadly  ellipti- 
cal; compound  pores  smaller  than  in  anonx;  operculum  but  moderately 
concave  on  caudal  margin;  lingula  broad,  tapering  to  rounded  end;  not 

notched  distally  cocofo  Curtis  (4) 

Similar  to  preceding,  but  larger.  Length  of  fore-wing  3  mm;  length  hind 
tibia  0.90  mm.;  Length  hind  tarsus  0.47  mm.  Pupa-case  more  nearly 
elliptical  and  the  compound  pores  larger  than  in  <■<><•<>!*;  operculum  on 
caudal  margin  suddenly  indented  and  then  straight;  lingula  compara- 
tively narrow,  notched  distally,  and  tapering  to  rather  acute  point. 

anonx  Morgan  (1) 

Wings  with  a  dark  spot  in  angk  of  distal  bifurcation  of  vein. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  pale  yellowish  white.  The  dark  spot  of  fore- 
wings,  an  obtuse  angle,  opening  distally.  Posterior  wings  with  similar 
but  fainter  spot.  Eyes  brown,  two-parted.  Tarsi  long,  exceeding  two- 
thirds  length  of  tibia.    Pupa-case  secreting  a  white  downy  wax. 

amrumis  Shinier  (2) 

Similar  to  amitimis,  but  with  body  and  legs  of  deep  chrome  yellow;  eyes  not 
divided,  but  dumb-bell  shape.  Fore-wing  2  mm.,  noticeably  iridescent; 
spot  on  fore-wings  of  rather  indistinct  outline,  and  extending  cephalad 
to  margin  of  wing  as  a  very  dilute  clouding.  Hind-wings"  unspotted. 
Pupa-case  dark  gray  or  plumbeous,  varying  to  brownish,  surrounded  by 
abundant  cottony  secretion;  along  midrib  of  leaf,  as  mpulvinata;  oper- 
culum very  broad,  broadly  truncate  distally;  lingula  spatulate,  tapering 
to  a  rather  rounded  point  Wideza  us  Coekerell  (ti) 

$ — Both  pairs  of  wings  with  a  distinct  brownish-black  spot;  fore-wings  with 
an  ill-denied  clouding  all  around  margin,  appearing  centrally  as  an 
oblique,  very  obscure  band.  Length  0.86  mm.;  fore-wing  1.1  by  0.52 
mm.  Eyes  reddish,  not  divided.  Genitalia  very  much  reduced,  valves 
short  and  stubby.  Pupa-case  subelliptical;  cephalic  and  caudal  pairs  of 
compound  pores  largest;  operculum  well  rounded  on  caudal  margin; 
lingula  spatulate,  gradually  tapering  to  somewhat    rounded  point. 

minima  n.  sp.  (7) 

Wings  variously  spotted  or  banded  with  gray  or  blackish. 
Wings  with  more  or  less  rounded  spots. 

Color  bright  yellow,  legs  and  antenna*  paler.     Length,  1.23  mm.;  length  fore- 
wing.  2.4  mm. :  with  submarginal  series  of  blackish  spi  its,  and  more  circular 

1  Aleurodicux  {AleurtMlr*)  jnilrimittt  Maskell  is  not  indicated  in  the  table,  and  is 
referred  to  Aleurndirus  on  the  authority  of  Coekerell  (Psyche,  v.  S.  No.  2<>h\  p.  22<>) . 
If  a  description  of  the  adult  stage  of  this  species  has  been  made.  1  have  not  been  able 
to  lind  it. 


44 


spote  between  forkings  of  vein.  Vertex  of  head  acute  and  margined  with 
brownish-red,  continuous  with  eyes  of  same  color.    Pupa-case  very  flat, 

subovate  and  with  but  little  secretion  of  wax  cockerilli  n.  sp.  (3) 

Wings  banded  with  gray. 

Length  from  head  to  tip  of  wings  somewhat  over  2  mm.  Forewings  with  5 
broad  transverse  bands  of  gray  and  a  longitudinal  band  extending  from 
the  outermost  band  to  margin  of  wing,  a  little  below  the  apex.  On 
cephalic  margin  of  wing  the  bands  are  mostly  straight  and  equi-distant, 
but  mostly  enlarged  about  middle  of  wing.  The  third  and  fourth  bands 
are  joined  together  by  inward  prolongation  of  longitudinal  band.  Third 
baud  interrupted  below  its  middle,  and  its  lower  part  is  joined  to  second 
band,  of  which  it  appears  an  oblique  branch.  The  true  prolongation  of 
second  band  bends  obliquely  inward,  and  is  joined  at  one  point  to  the 
first  band.  The  second  band  is  also  joined  to  first  by  a  thin  process  in  the 
legion  of  the  central  nervure...  ornatus  Cockerell  (9) 

Length,  1.66  mm.;  forewing,  2.25  by  1.5  mm.;  similar  to  ornatus,  but  mark- 
ings of  forewings  of  different  pattern.  There  are  four  gray  bands  cross- 
ings the  wings,  of  which  only  the  third  and  fourth  are  joined  by  a  longi- 
tudinal band.  The  basal  band  bends  abruptly  inward  caudad  of  main 
nervure,  which  branches  so  near  base  of  wing  that  there  are  prac- 
tically 2  nervures,  the  first  gray  band  failing  in  the  angle  between  them 
but  strong  again  before  the  second.  Second  band  broad  as  far  as  the 
cephalic  nervure;  just  beyond  it  interrupted  broadly,  but  continued  as 
a  large  nearly  circular  gray  patch,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  cephalad 
of  caudal  nervure,  and  passing  thence  as  an  oblique  narrow  band  to  the 
margin.  Third  band  resembling  second  as  far  as  cephalic  nervure, 
w  hich  it  meets  at  its  fork;  after  that  failing,  but  reappearing  a  little 
way  down  the  lowest  branch  of  the  nervure,  and  thence  passing  down- 
ward, becoming  very  faint,  Fourth  band  broad,  passing  across  end  of 
fork,  bent  inward,  joining  continuation  of  third  band  after  the  break, 
itself  forking  at  its  lower  end.  The  curvure  of  fourth  band  leaves  a 
white  apical  area  in  which  there  is  a  gray  spot.  There  is  also  a  gray 
spot  at  tip  of  second  nervure  dugesi  Cockerell.  (5) 

Body  of  male  about  2  mm.  exclusive  of  forceps.  Fore-wing  slightly  over  2  mm. 
long  by  about  1.33  mm.  broad,  white,  with  2  very  pale  gray  bands,  the 
first  crossing  wing  just  before  fork  of  median  vein,  but  interrupted  for  a 
space  below  the  vein.  The  second  a  dilute  transverse  cloud  not  far  from 
apex  of  wing.  Externally  pupa-case  appears  as  a  large  mass  (5  to  10  mm. 
long)  of  snowy  white  cottony  tufts,  irregularly  disposed,  from  which  spring 
very  long  curved  white  waxen  threads  miratMis  Cockerell.  (8) 

1.  Aleurodicus  anonaoe  Morgan. 

Fnt.  Mo.  Mag.,  Second  Scries — Vol.  Ill  (1892),  p.  32.  On  Anona  muricata;  A. 
equamotd,  Ficut,  and  Richardia  paeifiea,  Demerara.  Received  by  the  Div.  Ent., 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,on  Anona,  from  IVrnanibuco,  Brazil,  and  on  Anoint  rcticttfata, 
Port-of-Spain,  Trinidad. 

(2.  Aleurodicus  ( Aleurodes)  asarumis  Shimer. 

"Whitish,  farinose, downy,  especially  on  the  wings.  Head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  pale  yellowish -white.  Wings  laid  flat  on  the  black  in 
repose,  shorl  and  broadly  rounded  at  the  apex;  near  the  extremity, 
where  the  strong  centra]  vein  branches,  a  dark  macula  in  the  form  of 
an  obtuse  angle,  opening  posteriorly  toward  the  apex  of  Shewing. 

The  posterior  wing  has  a  similar  but  rainier  spot.     Antenna4  six- 


45 


jointed,  firsl  thick,  clavate.  Eyes  brown,  two-parted.  Tarsi  long, 
exceeding  two-thirds  the  tibiae.  I  find  these  insects  during  the  entire 
Summer  on  the  under  side  of  Ami  rum  mnmlenxt  (wild  ginger).  In 
September  I  have  seen  them  very  numerous  in  all  stages,  the  Larva 
and  pupa  presenting  the  usual  scale-like  form  of  this  family;  at  this 
time  the  under  side  of  the  leaf  that  has  reared  a  good  colony  is 
covered  with  a  white  downy  secretion.  The  imago  when  slightly  dis- 
turbed flies  away,  acting  not  much  like  small  Tineina.  hence  it  may 
often  be  found  on  tree-,  etc..  hut  1  have  observed  the  larva  only  on 
the  above-named  plant,  and  believe  it  to  be  entirely  confined  to  it." 

Mt.  Carroll,  111.,  August  24, 1867,  Shinier.  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  I,  p.  281. 
See  also  Insect  Life,  1893,  p.  219. 

3.  Aleurodicus  cockerellii  sp.  (Plate  VI,  figures  59-62) . 

Pupa-case. — Size  about  1.03  by  1.23  mm.:  subovate  in  shape, 
smaller  end  cephalad.  Color  uniformly  yellowish.  There  is  but  Blight 
waxy  exudation  from  dorsum,  which  is  more  or  less  mealy.  No  wax 
rods  have  been  observed.  Dried  specimens  separate  easily  from  leaf, 
Leaving  usually  a  ring  of  white  mealy  wax  of  the  size  and  shape  of 
case;  extending  from  the  periphery  inward  are  light  lines  of  this 
mealy  wax.  more  or  less  distinctly*  marking  the  position  of  the  abdomi- 
nal sutures  of  the  case.  Dorsum  of  pupa-case  almost  flat,  but  as  seen 
under  a  hand  lens  is  much  wrinkled  transversely  in  dried  material. 
These  fold-  or  ridges  occur  mainly  along  the  body  segments,  and  pos- 
teriorly become  much  curved  around  the  vasiform  orifice.  Under  the 
microscope  the  abci  >minal  segments  are  indistinct  and  scarcely  elevated, 
except  in  the  medio-dorsal  line,  where  a  slight  rounded  keel  may  be 
observed.  Margin  of  case  practically  entire.  Very  slight  furrow- or 
thickenings  extend  mesau  a  short  distance  from  margin  of  case,  rather 
marking  the  margin  into  more  or  less  distinct  rectangular  figures. 
Just  within  the  margin  all  around  is  a  series  of  very  small  disc  like 
pores,  usually  one  to  each  of  these  marginal  rectangles.  Dorsum  void 
of  well-developed  seta1,  except  a  pair  just  within  the  caudal  margin; 
but  there  is  a  pair  of  small  seta1  at  vasiform  orifice,  and  very  minute 
seta'  occur  here  and  there  on  the  dorsum.  The  five  or  more  pairs  of 
large  compound  pores,  so  usual  on  dorsum  of  pupa-ease  of  Ah  ur<»l<rus. 
seem  to  be  absent  in  this  species,  but  very  many  minute  transparent 
pores  may  be  detected  on  dorsum  under  high  power  of  microscope. 

Vasiform  orifice  subcordate.  somewhat  longer  than  wide:  cephalic 
margin  straight;  at  caudal  end  there  is  a  short,  stout,  spine-like  pro- 
trusion. Operculum  subrectangular,  about  half  length  of  orifice; 
cephalic  and  caudal  margins  practically  straight,  lateral  margins 
rounded;  lateral  and  caudal  margins  thick;  minutely  setose.  Lingula 
quite  as  long  as  orifice,  very  broad,  and  bearing  distally  two  pairs  of 
seta1,  the  smaller  pair  proximad:  minutely  setose. 

Rudimentary  Legs  and  antenna1  on  ventral  surface  quite  distinct. 


46 


Distal  joint  of  Legs  with  a  straight  and  truncate  spine.  Antennae  usual, 
minutely  ringed. 

Adult  ?  . — Length,  about  L.96  mm. ;  fore-wing,  about  2.4  by  1.6  mm. ; 
Length  of  hind  tibia,  0.8  mm.;  length  of  hind  tarsus,  0.56  mm.;  length 
of  front  tarsus,  0.32  nun.;  color,  bright  yellow,  legs  and  antennae  paler; 
wings  very  broad,  and  rounded  distally.  Wings  marked  with  more  or 
less  circular  spots  of  brownish  black.  In  fore-wings,  along  cephalic 
margin,  are  three  spots  about  equidistant,  and  farther  distad,  on  curve 
of  wing,  is  a  spot  somewhat  farther  from  the  third  spot  than  are  two 
and  three  from  each  other.  There  is  a  spot  on  the  margin  of  outer 
caudal  curve  of  wing  and  three  spots  on  the  caudal  margin,  which, 
however,  are  not  equidistant,  as  in  the  spots  on  cephalic  margin. 
Within  the  area  bounded  by  the  distal  fork  of  the  vein  are  two  spots, 
and  within  the  area  bounded  caudad  by  the  proximal  branch  are  from 
three  to  five  spots.  In  hind-wings  there  is  a  spot  on  outer  cephalic 
margin,  and  on  the  outer  caudal  margin  are  two  spots.  There  are  two 
spots  in  the  area  bounded  by  the  distal  fork  of  vein,  and  likewise  two 
spots  in  the  area  bounded  caudad  by  the  proximal  branch  of  vein. 
Head  as  seen  from  above  acute  cephalad,  and  margined  with  deep  red- 
dish or  brownish  black,  continuous  with  eyes  which  are  of  same  color. 
Joint  1  of  antenna1  short,  subcylindrical,  distal  end  irregularly  notched 
or  toothed.  Joint  2,  thick,  club-shaped,  about  three  times  longer  than 
basal  and  bearing  two  or  three  setae  on  outer  lateral  surface.  Joint 
3  quite  long — quite  twice  the  length  of  fourth.  Distal  joint  short, 
terminating  in  a  single  seta. 

Received  by  the  Division  of  Entomology  at  Washington  from  Dr. 
F.  Xoack,  Institute  Agronomico,  Campinas.  EstadodeS.  Paulo,  Brazil, 
on  leaves  of  a  myrtaceous  plant,  March  30,  1898,  and  again  from  Dr. 
Noack,  on  same  plant,  June  li,  1898.  The  writer  has  also  received 
specimens  of  this  insect  from  Prof.  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  to  whom  they 
had  been  sent  by  Dr.  Xoack.  The  adults  are  unique,  in  the  genus 
Aleurodicus,  from  the  more  or  less  circular  spots  on  the  wings.  Div. 
Ent.,  Nos.  solo  and  81 L5.  'Type  pupa-case,  8010,  described  from  nine 
specimens,  and  specimens  on  leaf,  trom  Prof essor  Cockerell.  Type, 
adult  ?  .  81  If),  described  from  two  specimens. 

4.  Aleurodicus  (Aleurodes)  cocois  Curtis. 

Gard.  Chron,,  1  <S4<>,  p.  2S4.  A  good  description  by  Riley  and  Howard,  with  fig- 
ures, occurs  iii  Insect  Life,  Vol.  V  (1893),  p.  .'514.  On  cocoanut trees, dp  Bar- 
bados and  Demerara;  <m  guava,  Isle  of  Trinidad;  on  guava,  Caracas,  Vene- 
zuela; on  guava,  Para,  Brazil. 

5.  Aleurodicus  dugesii  Cockerell. 

Can.  Ent.,  vol.  28  (IK'M)),  p.  M()l\  On  Hibiscus  rosu-sitwusis,  lieyon.ht,  and  other 
plants,  Guanajuato,  Mexico. 

6.  Aleurodicus  iridescens  OockerelL 

Psyche,  vol.  8,  n<».  266,  p.  226. 


47 


7.  Aleurodicus  minima  ii.  Bp.     (Plate  VI,  figures  63-67.) 

Pupa-case.  Size  about  1.17  by  0.71  nun.,  subelliptical, many  speci- 
mens are  somewhat  narrowed  cephalad.  Case  usually  widest  across 
region  of  second  abdominal  segment.  Color  yellowish,  varying  to 
brownish.  Empty  Case  semi-transparent,  except  for  the  irregular 
brown  coloration  on  margin,  and  at  the  dorsal  pores.  Margins 
slightly  crenulated,  with  very  shallow  indentures  between  the  lateral 
wax  tubes.  There  is  do  marginal  rim.  Just  within  the  margin,  all 
around,  is  a  closely  set  row  of  short  disk-like  tubercles  or  papillae, 
from  which  is  produced  a  fringe  of  almost  straight,  tapering,  glassy 
waxen  rods  from  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  pupa-case  is  w  ide. 
On  the  more  ((Mitral  dorsal  region  a  light  mealy  waxen  exudation  may 
occur.  Pupa-case  slightly  raised  from  surface  of  leaf  by  vertical 
fringe  of  wax.  which  usually  remains  attached  to  leaf  on  removal  of 
dried  specimens.  On  the  dorsum,  nearer  the  margin  than  center,  is  a 
row  on  each  side  of  seven  round  and  well-defined  compound  pores. 
Considered  transversely,  these  occur  in  pairs;  a  pair  on  cephalic  seg- 
ment; a  pair  on  me ta thorax;  three  pairs  along  the  abdominal  segments, 
and  two  pairs  in  the  region  latero-caudad of  the  vasiform  orifice.  The 
caudal  pair  is  somewhat  the  largest,  with  the  cephalic  pair  next  in 
size;  the  rest  are  subequal.  These  pores,  individually,  consist  of  a 
cylindrical,  brownish-colored  rim  with  a  central,  white,  rod-like  struc- 
ture. On  cephalic  margin  of  case  is  a  pair  of  seta'  and  a  pair  on  the 
caudo-lateral  region,  a  seta  on  each  side.  There  is  a  pair  of  small, 
tubercled  seta'  jr  t  within  caudal  margin.  Around  the  margin,  just 
within  the  submarginal  series  of  papillae,  is  a  row  of  small  tubercled 
seta',  usually  from  24  to  28  in  all. 

Vasiform  orifice  elongate-cordate;  about  three-fourths  as  broad  as 
long;  cephalic  margin  straight,  caudal  end  bluntly  rounded.  Oper- 
culum, subelliptical,  cephalic  margin  straight,  about  one-third  as  long- 
as  oitfice.  Lingula  usual,  broad,  extending  quite  to  caudal  end  of 
orifice,  hearing  two  pairs  of  setae  distally.  On  ventral  surface,  rudi- 
mentary feet  and  antenna'  quite  distinct. 

Adult  $ . — Length,  about  0.80  mm.;  fore-wing,  1.1  by  0.52  mm.; 
length  of  hind  tarsus,  0.21  mm.;  Length  of  hind  tibia,  0.38  mm.;  Length 
of  hind  femur.  0.26  mm. :  color, -yellowish  white,  with  dorsum  of  thorax 
brownish.  Eyes  reddish,  undivided,  though  with  a  pronounced  con- 
striction. Joint  1  of  antenna'  short,  not  one-half  the  length  of  second. 
Joint  2,  narrow  at  base,  truncate  at  distal  end,  widest  centrally.  Joint 
3  long,  longer  than  remaining  joints  together,  distal  joint  ending  in 
an  attenuated  process,  hearing  a  terminal  seta.  Anterior  tarsus  about 
three-fourths  length  of  posterior.  Distal  tarsal  joint  of  firsl  pair  legs 
two-thirds  length  of  distal  joint  of  mentum.  Wings  slightly  clouded 
around  margin  and  w  ith  a  very  dilute  oblique  transverse  hand  centrally: 
at  fork  of  distal  branch  of  vein  i-  a  pronounced  spot  of  brow  nish-black 


48 


coloration,  otherwise  wings  without  spots.  Margins  of  wings  and  the 
veins  somewhat  yellowish.  Genitalia  quite  short  for  this  genus;  valves 
short  and  stout. 

Adult  9. — Unknown. 

This  species  approaches  in  some  particulars  quite  close  to  Cocker- 
ell's  iridesceris,  but  it  is  much  smaller,  and  the  pupa-case  differs  in 
several  particulars.  It  is  quite  similar  also  to  Shimer's  asarumis.  His 
description  is  so  meager  that  it  will  hardly  be  possible  to  locate  his 
species  unless,  peradventure,  the  type  has  been  preserved. 

Specimens  received  by  the  Division  of  Entomology  at  Washington, 
January  28,  1889,  on  "Guayaba,"  from  A.  Biisck,  Bayamon,  Puerto 
Rico.  Mr.  Pergande  remarks  that  quite  a  large  number  of  the  insects 
(pupae  0  had  been  killed  b}^  a  very  curious  fungus.  Div.  Ent.,  No.  8422. 
Pupa-case  described  from  numerous  specimens;  adult  $  from  two 
specimens. 

8.  Aleurodicus  mirabilis  Cockerell. 

Psyche,  vol.  8,  No.  266,  p.  226;  also  Psyche,  vol.  8,  No.  277,  p.  360.  On  a  plant 
called  "laurel,"  at  Boca  del  Lestumacinta,  Tabasco,  Mexico;  also  on  Anona, 
Minatitlan,  Mexico. 

9.  Aleurodicus  ornatus  Cockerell. 

Ent.  M<>.  Mag.,  1893,  p.  105.    On  Capsicum,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

10.  Aleurodicus  (Aleurodes)  pulvinata  Maskell. 

Tran*.  N.  Z.  Inst.,  1895,  p.  439.    On  Jatropa  sp.,  Trinidad. 
Psyche,  vol.  8,  No.  266,  p.  226. 


21490    No.  8 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  I, 


Aleurodes  abnormis. 

1.  Pupa-case. 

2.  Diagram  of  cross  section  of  pupa-case,  to  illustrate  the  downward  and  inward 

curved  marginal  rim. 

3.  Fore-wing  of  adult. 

Aleurodes  acacite. 

4.  Pupa-case. 

5.  Egg. 

6.  Vasiform  orifice,  operculum,  and  lingula  of  pupa-case. 

7.  Portion  of  marginal  rim  of  pupa-case. 


Aleurodes  altissima. 

8.  Pupa-case. 

9.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 

10.  Vasiform  orifice,  operculum,  and  lingula  of  pupa-case. 

11.  A  compound  pore,  from  dorsum  of  pupa-case. 

12.  Circle  of  pores,  and  rotate  figure  on  dorsum  of  pupa-case. 

50 


Aleurodid/e  Quaintance. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  II. 

Aleurodes  coronata. 

13.  Pupa-case. 

14.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 
L5.  Vasiform  orifice  of  pupa-case. 

Aleurodes  fitchi . 

16.  Pupa-case. 

17.  Fore-wing  of  adult. 

is.  Vasiform  orifice,  operculum,  and  lingula  of  pupa-case. 

19.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 

Aleurodes  foridensis. 

20.  Pupa- case. 

21.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 

22.  Vasiform  orifice,  operculum,  and  lingula  of  pupa-case. 

Aleurodes  inconspicua. 

23.  Pupa-case. 

24.  Vasiform  orifice,  operculum,  and  lingula  of  pupa-case. 

25.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 

52 


Tech.  Series  No.  8,  Div.  of  Entomology,  Dept.  of  Agnculture. 


Plate  II. 


Aleurodid^e  Quaintance. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  III. 

Aleurodes  nephrolepidis. 

26.  Pupa-case. 

27.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 

28.  Fore-wing  of  adult. 

29.  Vasiform  orifice,  operculum,  and  lingula  of  pupa-case. 

30.  Egg. 

Aleurodes  plumosa. 

31.  Pupa-case. 

32.  Vasiform  orifice,  and  operculum  of  pupa-case. 

33.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 

Aleurodes  pergandei. 

34.  Pupa-case. 

35.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 

36.  Vasiform  orifice,  operculum,  and  lingula  of  pupa-case. 

37.  Fore-wing  of  adult. 

54 


Tech.  Series  No.  8,  Div  of  Entomology,  Dept.  of  Agriculture, 


Aleurodid^e-Quaintance. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  IV. 

Aleurodes  persex. 

38.  Pupa-case. 

39.  Vasiform  orifice,  operculum,  and  lingula  of  pupa-case. 

40.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 

Aleurodes  quercus-aquoticae. 

41.  Pupa-case. 

42.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 

43.  Outline  of  vasiform  orifice,  with  the  surrounding  fluted  rim. 

44.  Fore-wing  of  adult. 

j  1  le u  rodes  sp irxo ides. 

45.  Pupa-case. 

46.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 

47.  Vasiform  orifice,  operculum,  and  lingula  of  pupa-case. 

48.  Fore-wing  of  adult. 

49.  Hind-wing  of  adult. 

56 


Tech.  Series  No.  8.  Div.  of  Entomology,  Dept.  of  Ag-iculture. 


Plate  IV. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  V. 

Aleurodes  tracheifer. 

50.  Pupa-case. 

51.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 

52.  Vasiform  orifice,  operculum,  and  lingula  of  pupa-case  with  the  surrounding 

and  spines. 

A  leurodes  va  riabilis. 

53.  Pupa-case. 

54.  Fore-wing  of  adult. 

55.  Vasiform  orifice,  operculum,  and  lingula  of  pupa-case. 

Aleurodes  viUata. 

56.  Pupa-case. 

57.  Vasiform  orifice,  operculum,  and  lingula  of  pupa-case. 

58.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 

58 


Tech.  Series  No.  8,  Div.  of  Entomology,  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  V. 


ALEURODID/C  Quaintance. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VI. 


Aleurodicus  cockereUi. 

59.  Pupa-case. 

60.  Fore-wing  of  adult. 

61.  Vasiform  orifice,  operculum,  and  lingula  of  pupa-case. 

62.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 

Aleurodicus  minima. 

63.  Pupa-case. 

64.  Fore-wing  of  adult, 

65.  Vasiform  orifice,  operculum,  and  lingula  of  pupa-case. 

66.  A  compound  pore  from  dorsum  of  pupa-case. 

67.  Portion  of  margin  of  pupa-case. 

60 


ALEURODID/E  -  QUAINTANCE. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VII. 


68.  Aleurodes  accidie. 

69.  Aleurodes  coronata. 

70.  Aleurodes  altissima. 

71.  Aleurodes fitchi. 

62 


Tech.  Series  No.  8,  Div.  of  Entomology,  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  VII. 


Aleurodid>e  Quaintance. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VIII. 


72.  Aleurodes  pergancL  i. 

73.  Aleurodes  tracheifer. 

74.  Alewrodes  *//irxoides. 

64 


Tech.  Series  No.  8,  Div.  of  Entomology,  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  VIII. 


Aleurodid-£  Quaintance. 


THE  RED  SPIDERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

{Tetranychus  and  Stigmxus.) 


By  Nathan  Banks. 


HISTORY. 


The  genus  Tetrcmychus  was  established  in  1832  by  Dufour  for  a  small 
mite  found  living  gregariously  on  ('lumps  of  gorse.  He  noticed  that 
there  was  a  milky  whitish  irregular  web  or  mesh  of  threads  upon 
which  craw  led  tiny  red  objects,  which,  by  the  aid  of  a  glass,  he  discov- 
ered were  mites.  He  kept  specimens  in 
a  bottle,  and  saw  them  produce  a  similar 
web.  Since  then  these  creatures  have 
been  known  as  ''spinning  mites."  Simi- 
lar mites  were  known  from  the  time  of 
Linnaeus,  and  one  described  by  him  as 
Acarns  t<l<n'i>ix  is  considered  identical 
with  Dufour's  form.  These  spinning 
mites  were  found  oil  a  great  variety  of 
plants,  and  showed  gtifferences  in  size  and 
color,  which,  coupled  with  their  different 
habitat,  led  the  naturalists  of  that  day  to 
consider  these  forms  as  separate  species. 
Gradually,  it  was  discovered  that  certain 
species  were  extremely  variable  in  color, 
and  occurred  on  more  than  one  plant. 
This  overthrew  the  old  classification,  and 
since  then  it  has  never  been  determined 
what  was  a  species  in  this  genus.  The 
best  two  modern  authorities  working  on 
the  same  (Italian)  fauna  reach  quite  differ- 
ent results.  Certain  forms  of  these  mites 
have  caused  considerable  injury  to  plants, 
especially  in  greenhouses,. and  from  the  red  color  of  most  of  them, 
have  been  termed  ured  spiders."  A-  some  of  the  early  accounts  <<>n- 
sidered  the  common  red  species  a-  T.  telanrivs  Linn.,  this  name  ha^ 
been  applied  indiscriminately  to  all  red  spiders,  bottl  in  Europe  and 
21490 — No.  s  5 


Fig.  i. 


■T< trail ijcli «■*   hi  inncnlnltin—vu- 
lar^'id  (original). 


66 


this  country.  So  it  happens  that  throughout  our  economic  literature 
there  occur  accounts  of  Tetrcmychus  telarius  without  any  consider- 
ation as  to  whether  the  form  mentioned  was  identical  with  the  Euro- 
pean species  of  that  name,  The  first  break  from  this  custom  was 
made  by  Dr.  Riley,  who,  in  1889,  recognized  that  the  form  occurring 
on  oranges  was  different  from  T.  telarius.  In  1893  Professor  Harvey 
described  a  form  found  in  greenhouses  in  Maine  and  New  York  as  T. 
bimaculatus.  With  these  two  exceptions  Tetrcmychus  telarius  is  still 
considered  responsible  for  all  "red  spider"  damage.  In  1877  Prof. 
A.  Targioni  Tozzetti,  in  a  paper  on  the  mouth  and  feet  of  Tetnnnj- 
chus^  showed  that  the  form  known  as  T.  socius  differed  from  T.  telarius 
in  the  nature  of  the  tarsal  claws.  In  the  latter,  as  in  many  other 
forms,  the  claw  is  suddenly  bent  before  the  middle  and  the  apical 
part  four-cleft;  in  T.  socius  the  claw  is  less  curved  and  simple.  Simi- 
lar differences  obtain  in  certain  of  our  species,  as  will  be  noticed 
below.  In  Prof.  A.  Berlese's  recent  work,  Acari  Italiani,  he  draws 
attention  to  a  hitherto  unused  character,  namely,  the  small  projections 
on  the  tip  of  the  "  thumb"  of  the  palpus.  These  vary  in  number,  size, 
and  shape,  and,  I  believe,  form  good  characters  for  the  discrimination 
of  species. 

STRUCTURE. 

The  mites  are  an  order  in  the  class  Arachnida.  In  this  order  there - 
have  been  various  divisions,  yet  Tetmriychus  has  always  been  kept  in 
ass<  x  iation  with  certain  other  well-known  forms,  as  Tromhidiunu  Brf<  lla, 
Eapodes,  ErytJirteus^  etc*.  This  association  or  group  of  forms  has 
received  various  names,  such  as  Trombididce  and  Prostigmata.  AVith 
Tetrcmychus  has  been  associated  certain  other  genera  to  form  a  fam- 
ily—  TetranychidciB  -the  limits  of  which  are  uncertain,  and  according 
to  Canestrini  (Pros.  Aearqfauna  Ital.)  can  not  be  denned.  But  the 
genus  Tetranychus  can  be  separated  on  fairly  definite  characters.  They 
are  spinning  mites;  the  body  is  ovate,  roughly  oblong,  or  pyriform; 
clothed  above  with  about  24  to  36  bristles,  usually  long,  and  arranged 
somewhal  roughly  in  Pour  rows.  The  legs  are  never  much  longer 
than  the  body,  and  the  joints  are  never  enlarged.  The  anterior  third 
of  the  body  shows  a  slight  constriction,  which  marks  the  division 
of  the  body  into  cephalothorax  and  abdomen.  On  the  underside 
there  is  no  division,  but  if  the  natural  division  is  vertical  (which 
I  think  improbable)  the  third  and  fourth  pairs  of  legs  arise  from  the 
abdomen.    The  body  is  broadest  at  the  base  of  the  abdomen.  The 

cephalothorax  is  somewhal  semicircular  in  outline.    On  each  side  about 

halt*  way  and  near  (he  margin  is  an  eye-spot,  containing  usually,  pos 

sibly  always,  two  ocelli.  Some  authors  have  figured  but  one  ocellus 
each  side.  The  fore  pari  of  the  cephalothorax  incloses  the  mouth- 
parts.     Above,  there  is  a  plate  about   twice  as  long  as  broad,  and 


67 


broader  behind  than  in  front;  it  can  be  retracted  into  the  cephalo- 
thorax  just  below  the  dorsal  surface.  This  plate  is  divided  by  a  median 
line  or  sulcus;  on  each  side  below  and  toward  the  tip  there  arises  a 
long  and  slender  curved  stylet.  This  plate  appears  to  be  formed 
by  the  union  and  flattening  of  the  basal  joints  of  the  mandibles. 


Fi<;.-2.—  T(t, 


mandibular  plate,  dorsal  and  lateral  views:  a,  plate 
l>;ilpus— highly  magnified  (original). 


b,  stylet; 


Below  this  plate4  is  a  rather  large  and  conical  rostrum,  from  each  side  of 
the  base  of  which  arises  a  palpus,  each  composed  of  five  joints.  The 
penultimate  joint  ends  in  a  large  claw;  the  last  or  "thumb"  projects 
little  if  any  beyond  this  claw,  and  bears  one  or  more  projections  or 
"fingers™  on  its  tip  or  sides.  In  some  species,  perhaps  all,  tin4  palpus 
of  the  male  has  a  short, 
curved  spine  on  the  tip  of 
the  upper  side  of  the  third 
joint.  The  rostrum  at  tip 
has  a  cylindrical  projec- 
tion, rather  enlarged  at 
the  end.  consisting  of  a 
piece  each  side,  which  i- 
possibly  the  maxilla.  The 
opening  between  the  two 
is  the  mouth.  At  the  tip 
of  the  abdomen  on  the 
ventral  surface  Is  the  anal 
opening,  often  showing 
from  above  at  the  tip  of  a  nice 
sliffhtlv  in  front  of  the  ana 


Fig.  3.—  T>  tranychu* :  eephalothorax  from  above:  <\.  paljNM; 
b,  mandibular  plate  :  r.  frontal  bristle  :  '/.  subfrontal  I>ri«.tle ; 
t,  eyes — highly  magnified  (original). 


an  pointed  projection.  <  hi  the  venter 
orifice  is  the  genital  opening.  In  the 
female  it  is  surrounded  with  variously  curved  8tri»;  iii  the  male  it 
is  much  less  conspicuous    a   simple  slil  inclosing  a  ratlin-  -lender 

curved  penis.  The  vulva  in  the  various  forms  appears  somewhat 
different,  although  on  the  same  plan.    Bui  the  difficulty  of  exam  in- 


68 


ing  these  organs  in  a  large  series  of  specimens  as  well  as  in  the  various 
species  precludes  the  present  possibility  of  using  them  for  specific 
distinction.  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  there  is  some  variation  in 
the  form  of  the  vulva,  due  to  the  condition  of  the  specimen.  The  lines 
and  ridoes  are  in  a  soft  tissue,  and  so  are  liable  to  modification  and 
distortion. 

There  are  four  pairs  of  legs  in  the  adult;  in  the  young,  as  in  the 
young  of  most  other  mites:  but  three  pairs  are  present.  Each  leg 
consists  of  at  least  six  joints,  a  coxa,  more  or  less  anchylosed  to  the 
body:  a  small  trochanter;  a  femur,  the  longest  joint;  a  patella,  about 
one-half  the  length  of  the  femur;  a  tibia,  slightly  longer  than  the 
patella:  a  tarsus,  longer  than  the  tibia  and  tapering  to  a  fine  point. 
The  tarsus,  near  its  tip,  has  a  division  more  or  less  distinct,  the  small 
terminal  piece  being  called  the  onychium;  from  the  tip  of  this  arises 
the  claw,  which  is  usually  cleft  into  four  slender  parts,  whence  the 
name  of  the  genus — Tetranychus — four-claw.  The  first  pair  of  legs  is 
the  longest,  though  often  scarcely  longer  than  the  fourth  pair;  the 
second  and  third  pairs  are  plainly  shorter  than  the  other  two  and  sub- 


Fiu.4. —  Tetranychus:  mouth  parts,  lateral  and  ventral  views— highly  magnified  (original). 

equal  in  length.  On  the  ventral  surface  the  basal  limits  of  the  coxa1 
arc  not  well  defined,  hut  the  coxa1  are  rather  widely  separate. 

The  surface  of  the  body  is  very  finely  and  often  regularly  striate, 
mostly  in  a  transverse  manner.  The  hairs  or  bristles  are  minutely 
serrate,  those  on  the  anterior  part  of  body  curve  forward,  those  on 
the  posterior  portion  of  body  bend  backward:  the  long  ones  on  the 
legs  appear  to  stand  nearly  erect  in  life,  and  doubtless  have  some 
sensory  function. 

There  appears  t<>  be  much  uncertainty  regarding  the  spinning  appa- 
ratus, and  an  examination  of  a  large  number  of  specimens  does  not 
throw  much  light  on  the  subject.  Dujardin,  Pagenstecher.  and  Don- 
□adieu  believed  that  the  thread  issued  Prom  the  mouth  or  in  its  close 
vicinity.  Dufour  and  Duges  asserl  that  it  comes  Promtheanal  end  of 
th<i  body.  Claparede  found  some  glands  opening  on  the  tips  di  the 
palpi  which  he  considered  as  silk  glands.  The  thread  is  not  produced 
during  the  ordinary  wanderings  of  the  mitt4,  but  at  certain  times. 
When  mites  first  attack  a  leaf  there  are  only  a  few  scattered  threads 
lying  close  to  t  he  Btirface  of  the  leaf,  which  are  attached  here  and  there 


69 


Fig.  5.—  T<1mnychus . 


genital  organs— highly  magnified  (origi- 
nal). 


to  the  leaf  and  to  the  P£*»'s.  The  mites  walk  about  without  using 
them.  As  the  leaf  curls  by  loss  of  juices  the  threads  become  more 
separated  from  the  leaf,  SO  that  sonic  mites  arc  under  and  some  on  the 
web.  which  seems  to  be  in  their  way.     Since  the  thread  seems  to  he 

of  use  at  firsl  in  keeping  the  eggs  in  place,  it  may  be  that  it  issues 
from  the  genital  opening  at  about  the  time  of  oviposition. 

HABITS. 

Attention  IS  usually  drawn  to  these  mites  when  they  become  excess- 
ively numerous  during  a  drought  in  summer.  Little  is  known  about 
the  other  portion  of  their 

lives.     They  are    sup-  .. .-^r-^r-^^}^. 

posed  to  pass  the  winter 

in  the  adult  condition 
under  and  among  dead 
leaves;  in  the  spring 
ascending  trees  and  start- 
ing new  colonies.  It  is 
quite  probable  that  only 
females  hibernate;  if  these  females  have  not  been  fertilized  the  first 
coo-  they  lay  produce  only  males,  which  when  adult  will  pair  with 
the  females,  ami  the  latter  will  then  lay  eggs  producing  both  sexes. 
Various  observations  have  been  made  on  t  in4  rapidity  of  their  increase. 
The  ovneral  results  are  that  the  female  lays  from  five  to  ten  coos  per 
day  for  a  period  of  eight  to  twelve  days;  the  e<>-o\s  hatch  in  about  two 
to  seven  days  (three  days  is  probably  tin4  most  common  period);  the 

young  at  first  have  but  six 
legs;  after  a  few  days  they 
molt  and  have  eight  legs;  two 
more  molts  occur  a  few  days 
apart, and  then  they  are  adult. 

Their  movements  are  ordi- 
narily slow,  but  when  dis- 
turbed they  sometimes  stir 
quite  rapidly.  Forthegreater 
part  of  the  time  they  remain  in 
one  place  sucking  the  juices 
from  the  leaf.  Bu1  migration 
is  probably  not  wholly  dependent  on  food  supply,  since  plants  are 
found  scantily  infested  in  various  parts  and  the  mites  are  not  abundant 
anywhere.  Although  they  spin  threads  they  have  never  been  ob- 
served to  hang  by  or  climb  up  one.  The  thread  is  extremely  fine  and 
not  perceptible  to  the  unaided  eye.  Yet  a  web  or  mesh  of  threads  i- 
so  dense  as  to  form  a  tissue  plainly  visible  at  a  considerable  distance. 
The  web  La  usually  upon  the  under  side  of  the  leaf,  attached  here  and 


Fig.6.— T>trt tn i/ch a*:  leg, a, coxa;  />.  trochanter;  c,  femur 
d,  patcila;  <,  tibia;  /,  tarsus;  <i,  ouyehiuin  ;  //,  clau- 

niuch  enlarged  (original). 


70 


there  to  projecting  hairs,  veins,  and  the  edges  of  the  leaf.  Many 
exuviae  of  the  mites  are  found  entangled  in  this  web,  and  certain 
authors  think  that  the  mites  molt  while  on  the  web,  but  such  is  cer- 
tainly not  always  the  case  with  all  species.  The  mites  usually  show 
a  preference  for  the  under  side  of  the  leaf,  but  in  some  cases  they 
are  more  abundant  on  the  upper  side.  Occasionally  in  the  spring  they 
attack  the  opening  buds. 

IMPORTANT  AMERICAN  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Riley,  C.V. — The  six-spotted  mite  of  the  orange. — Insect  Life,  Vol.  II. 

Jan. -Feb.,  1890,  pp.  225-226,  1  fig. 
Riley.  C.V. — The  six-spotted  mite  of  the  orange. — Rept.  of  Entom.. 

t'.  1881),  in  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  f.  1889  (1890),  pp. 

340-345,  1  plate. 

Haryey,  F.  L. — The  two-spotted  mite. — Ann.  Rept.  Maine  Agric. 

Exp.  Sta.  f.  1892  (1893),  pp.  133-144,  1  plate. 
Perkins.  G.  H. — Report  of  the  Entomologist. — 10th  Ann.  Rept.  Vt. 

Agric.  Exp.  Sta.,  1896-97  (1897),  pp.  75-86.  1  plate. 
Morgan,  H.  A. — Observations  on  the  cotton  mite. — Bui.  No.  48,  La. 

Agric.  Exp.  Sta.,  1897,  pp.  130-135. 

TETRANYCHID^a. 

As  previously  indicated,  this  family  includes  a  number  of  genera; 
only  a  few  of  them,  however,  are  known  as  "red  spiders."  But  two 
genera  have  been  observed  in  material  collected  in  this  country  as  red 
spiders.    These  two  genera  are  abundantly  distinct  in  many  points. 

In  Tei/rcmychus  the  body  is  subpyriform,  in  StigmcBm  elongate  and 
subcylindric,  in  the  former  with  many  long,  stiff  bristles,  in  the  latter 
provided  with  only  a  few  short  hairs. 

Tetranychus  Dufour.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  XXV,  274,  (1832). 
DUtigmatus  Donnadieu.    Rech.  Hist.  Tetran.,  (1875). 
PhytocoptesJ>OTmadieJi.    Rech.  Hist.  Tetran.,  (1875). 
Hetenmyckm  Can. ek  Fanz.    Acari  Ital.,  (1877). 
Oiigonychus  Berlese.    Acari  dann.  piante  coltiv.,  (1886). 

The  principal  characters  lie  in  the  general  shape  of  the  body;  clothed 
with  bristles,  with  simple,  moderate  legs— with  mandibles  having  the 
bases  flattened  and  united  in  a  retractile  plate,  with  distal  joints  ex- 
tremely long  and  slender,  and  with  a  palpus  having  the  penultimate 
joint  ending  in  a  claw,  while  the  last  joint  forms  a  "thumb"  bearing 
one  01  more  "  lingers. " 

Our  species  as  far  as  known  may  be  tabulated  as  follows: 

1.  Bristles  <>f  body  arise  from  prominent  tubercles  

Bristles  of  body  do  not  arise  from  tubercles   3 

2.  Lege  of  avenge  length,  apparently  two  daws  at  tip  ol  each  tarsus  —  mytilmpidw 

LegB  very  slender,  one  claw,  t'< nir-clcft  beyond  the  middle  gracMpei 


71 


Tarsus  with  hut  one  claw,  which  is  only  slightly  curved  and  simple,  lege  rather 

short   4 

Tarsus  with  hut  one  claw,  which  is  strongly  hcnt  near  its  middle  and  beyond 

is  four-cleft   5 

1.  A  plate  or  lamella  at  inner  base  of  thumb,  the  thumb  with  several  line  hair-  .mi 

tip  (often  indistinct),  mandibular  plate  emar^inate  at  tip  tricolor 

No  such  plate  or  lamella,  tip  of  thumb  with  three  lingers  modedut 

5.  I>ut  one  ingef  OB  tip  of  thumb,  and  one  toward  the  base  on  the  upper  side  <> 

Three  lingers  on  tip  of  the  thumb   7 

»i.  The  finger  at  tip  of  thumb  is  very  stout,  almost  as  broad  at  base  as  is  the  thumb 

al  the  tip,  palpi  rather  short  lumidui 

The  finger  at  tip  of  thumb  is  much  more  slender  bmacukUuS 

7.  Sees  in  Bide  view  the  lower  finger  appears  the  largest,  not  yellowish,  with  six 

dark  spots  trtarius 

Seen  in  side  view  the  middle  tinker  appears  the  largest   S 

S.  Yellowish,  with  six  dark  spots,  on  orange  sr.nnarulafus 

Not  so  marked   9 

i>.  Mandibular  plate  tapers  considerably  toward  the  tip;  on  desert  plants.  .<h  s,  riorum 
Mandibular  plate  less  tapering;  on  cotton  gloveri 

Tetranychus  mytilaspidis  Riley. 

Penthalodn  WiytiUupidis  Riley. — Hubbard,  Orange  Insects  (1885),  p.  216. 

Rather  larger  than  most  species;  body  quite  broad  behind;  bristles 
stout,  each  arising  from  a  prominent  tubercle;  the  subfrontal  pair  are 
very  long,  more  than  twice  (nearly  three  times)  longer  than  frontal 
pair  and  farther  apart;  they  have  the  usual  arrange- 
ment. The  palpi  are  short  and  stout,  the  last  joint  very 
short,  with  a  short  thumb,  upon  which  is  a  rather  clavate 
finger,  a  smaller  finger  near  base  on  the  upper  side,  and 
a  hair  at  the  upper  tip.  The  mandibular  plate  is  broad,  \, 
broadly  rounded  at  tip,  scarcely  emarginate  in  the  mid- 
dle, with  the  stylet  beneath.  Legs  rather  short,  bristles  chus~^a^i- 
not  especially  long:  the  femur  of  leg  I  is  longer  than  ,lis:  cUw«, 
usual,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  patella;  tibia  I  only  a  (^1^^ 
little  longer  than  patella.  Tin4  tarsus  terminates  in  a 
claw  which,  seen  from  below,  appears  simple;  seen  from  the  side, 
shows  two  claws,  the  principal  one  but  little  curved,  the  other  much 
more  curved  and  arising  (apparently)  from  below  and  near  the  middle 
of  the  principal  one;  these  t  WO  claws  appear  to  lie  in  the  same  plane. 

Color  blood  red.  dark  spots  each  side;  legs  paler  red;  bristles  pah- 
reddish;  eggs  globular,  reddish. 

This  species  is  a  true  Tetraavytihus  and  not  a  Pen&halodes.  It  is 
closely  related  to  the  European  T.pUosus  C.  o<:  F.  Specimens  come 
from  several  parts  of  Florida  on  orange  and  on  Limoniwn  trifoluUum^ 
also  on  peach  from  Mardiallvillo.  (ia.  Kih-y  states  thai  there  are 
three  claws,  and  Be rlese  figures  the  European  T.  j>lhtsu.s  with  the  lower 
claw  cleft;  but  on  careful  observation  I  can  nol  discern  any  di\  igioo  t(> 

the  lower  claw  in  the  many  specimens  examined,  some  of  which  are 
evidently  Riley's  types.     Little  i-  known  of  the  habit-  of  this  species. 


72 


Hubbard  believed  that  it  fed  on  scale  insects  or  their  eggs.  It  is 
undoubtedly  a  Tefra/nychus^  and  probably  feeds,  like  the  other  species 
of  the  genus,  on  plant  juices.  Hubbard  says  (Orange  Insects,  p.  83): 
"The  eggs  are  sherry-brown  color,  quite  large  and  globular,  and  are 
usually  deposited  singly  upon  the  leaf  or  strung  like  amber  beads 
upon  strands  of  spider's  silk,  which  harbor  the  mites  and  their  young. M 
Tetranychus  gracilipes  n.  sp. 

Body  with  the  usual  bristles  stouter  than  in  most  of  the  species, 
the  lateral  ones  extending  more  outwardly  than  usual;  all  are  situated 
on  the  elevated  tubercles.  Body  a  little  broader  than  usual.  The 
beak  is  more  elongate  than  in  any  other  species,  which  is  also  the  case 
with  the  palpi,  which  are  rather  closely  applied  to  the  beak,  the  last 
joint  very  slender,  ending  in  a  stout  claw;  thumb  stout,  truncate, 
with  one  linger.  The  legs  are  slender,  especially  the  tirst  pair,  which 
is  much  longer  than  the  body ;  femur  1  fully  live  times  as  long  as  broad; 
on  the  joints  above,  toward  the  tip,  is  a  stout  bristle-like  spine;  very 
few  other  bristles  on  legs  except  close  to  the  tip  of  tarsus.  The  claw  is 
at  tirst  simple,  strongly  bent  near  the  middle,  and  then  four  cleft 
(similar  to  T.  Mmaculatus).  The  mandibular  plate  is  longer  and  more 
slender  than  usual,  tapering  slightly  to  the  tip,  where  it  is  broadly 
rounded,  and  apparently  without  a  median  notch. 

Phoenix,  Ariz.  Prof.  Cocke rell  found  this  on  the  leaves  of  a  species 
of  Sphaeralcea.    The  leaf  bears  stellate  hairs,  to  which  the  mite  has  a 
decept i ve  resemblance. 
Tetranychus  bicolor  Banks. 

Tetranychm  bicolor  Bank^. — Trans*.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  1894,  p.  218. 
Body  mostly  red,  often  pale  in  front,  and  with  some  dark  marks 
each  side  on  abdomen;  legs  pale  yellowish;  eyes  red;  bristles  white. 

Body  (9)  rather  broader  than  usual,  the  legs  plainly 
shorter  than  in  most  of  the  species;  cephalothorax  and 
abdomen  with  bristles  in  the  usual  positions  and  of 
ordinary  length;  mandibular  plate  broad,  scarcely  taper- 
ing toward  tip.  which  is  broadly  rounded  and  usually 
,,„,  8_ Tetrany     distinctly  emarginate  in  the  middle.     Palpi  short,  male 
chm  bicolor:    wJth  a  tooth  above  on  inner  tip  of  tibia;  the  thumb  has 
(iriSnI?)lftIged    several  line  hairs  on  its  tip  (but  indistinct);  the  claw  is 
thick  and  much  curved,  and  at  inner  base  of  thumb 
there  is  a  thin  plate  or  lamella  (not  seen  in  any  other  species).  The 
tarsus  is  short;  there  is  but  one  claw,  which  is  long,  curved  only 
toward  the  tip,  and  not  cleft. 

The  typical  specimens  were  found  on  the  upper  side  of  chestnut  and 

oak  Leaves  in  the  woods  near  Sea  Cliff,  N.  Y.  Other  specimens  have 
been  seen  from  oak  at  Washington,  I).  C,  and  from  Geneva,  N.  Y., 

on  a  Norway  spruce  hedge. 


7:; 


Tetranychus  modestus  n.  sj>. 

Head,  palpi,  and  legs  are  brownish,  the  body  yellowish,  with  quite 
large  blackish  irregular  spots  across  middle  of  thorax,  a  large  lateral 
spot  in  region  of  last  pair  of  Legs,  and  a  broad  irregular  border  around 
(Mid  of  body.  Body  rather  more  elongate  than  usual;  bristles  in  the 
usual  arrangement;  Legs  short;  femur  1  Fully  twice  as  Long  as  broad; 
tibia  I  only  a  trifle  Longer  than  patella  I:  tarsus  short,  ends  in  a  long, 
simple  daw.  curved  only  toward  tip.  in  all  respects  like  that  of  71 
bicclor.  Mandibular  plate  of  moderate  Length,  not  much  narrowed 
toward  tip.  which  LS  broadly  rounded.  Palpi  short,  thumb  not  as  Long 
as  claw,  with  three  nearly  equal  fingers  on  the  tip:  there  is  no  plate  or 
lamella.    On  each  side  of  the  anal  opening  there  is  a  pair  of  tine  hairs. 

Found  in  August  at  Washington,  D.  C,  causinga  rust-like  appear- 
ance on  the  blades  of  corn.  Closaly  allied  to  the  preceding,  bul 
distinct  by  characters  of  palpi. 

Tetranychus  tumidus  n.  Bp. 

Dark  red  and  somewhat  pruinose.  marked  across  the  thorax  with  a 
dusky  hand,  terminating  each  side  in  a  rather  Large  dusky  spot,  a 
similar  spot  on  each  side  near  end  of  body:  in  some 
specimens  there  is  an  additional  spot  each  side  between 
the  two;  tegs  and  mouth  parts  pale  reddish.  Xoung 
specimens  art1  paler,  with  spots  more  distinct  and  con 
fluent.    Eggs,  are  pale  red.    Body  moderately  broad;         /  A 

bristles  rather  l  novr  than  USUal,  quite  stout,  all  in  the  ti^l—Tetrany- 
usual  arrangement,  subfrontal  pair  not  twice  as  long  ' ;"  *  tufnid**: 
as  the  frontal  pair.  Palpi  of  average  Length,  thumb  is  ^J^ii^1?8^ 
short  and  stout,  on  its  tip  is  a  large  short  cylindrical 
finger  whose  base  is  not  much  smaller  than  the  tip  of  thumb,  at  the 
inner  upper  corner  is  a  short  hair,  and  on  the  upper  side  near  base 
is  a  slender  finger.  Mandibular  plate  about  twice  as  Long  as  broad, 
narrowed  toward  tip.  the  sides  before  tip  slightly  concave,  broadly 
rounded  at  tip.  with  a  small  yet  distinct  emargination  in  the  middle 
Legs  moderate:  femur  1  fully  twice  as  long  as  broad;  tibia  I  plainly 
Longer  than  patella;  tarsus  of  moderate  Length,  terminating  in  a  claw 
which  is  strongly  bent  near  middle  and  four-cleft  beyond. 

Collected  at  Kustis.  Fla..  on  the  leaves  Of  water  hyacinth,  by  II.  J. 

Webber.  It  is  closely  allied  to  T.  bimaoulatus  I  Ian  . .  but  distinguished 
by  the  very  large  finger  <>n  the  tip  of  thumb. 

Tetranychus  bimaculatus  Harvey. 

THrctto/cftui  bimaetUahtt  Harvey. — Ann.  Repi.Me.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.  t  L808  (1803  . 
p.  183,  PL  HI. 

There  are  several  styles  of  coloration,  one  is  pale  greenish  yellow, 
with  a  large  group  of  blackish  dots  each  side  on  base  of  abdomen, 
sometimes  a  median  group  of  dote;  another  style  i>  dark  crimson  red, 

with  black  spots  along  each  side  of  the  body:  Legs,  and  hair-  pah-  red- 


74 


dish,  almost  colorless.  Body  broadest  at  shoulders,  tapering  behind; 
bristles  long  and  tine,  in  the  usual  arrangement,  subfrontal  pair  not 
twice  as  long  as  frontal  pair.  Thumb  of  palpus  rather  long;  on  its  tip  is 
a  cylindrical  finger;  on  its  upper  corner  is  a  hair,  and  on  the  upper  side 
tow  ai  d  base  is  a  small  linger;  in  male  above  on  inner  tip  of  tibia  of  pal- 
pus is  a  spine  or  spur.  Mandibular  plate  about  twice  as  long  as  broad, 
tapering  forward,  broadly  rounded  at  tip,  with  a  small  although 
distinct  notch  in  the  middle.  Legs  of  moderate  length, 
femur  I  fully  twice  as  long  as  broad,  tibia  a  trine  longer 
than  patella,  tarsus  rather  slender,  terminating  in  a 
claw  which  is  suddenly  and  strongly  bent  near  the  mid- 
dle and  four-cleft  beyond. 

It  is  quite  probable  that  this  species  is  the  one  called 
by  Boisduval  (Entom.  Horticole,  p.  84)  Tetranychus 
fig-  10.—  Tetrany-  the  descriptions  of  that  author  in  this 

chusbimactdatus:  genus  are  useless  for  identification.  Quite  possibly 
^oii^inaiT^1^1  several  of  his  names  apply  to  this  species.  The  forms 
found  in  the  greenhouse  do  not  appear  to  differ  from 
those  on  garden  vegetables  and  horticultural  plants.  It  appears  to  be 
abundant  all  through  the  Eastern  States  and  in  several  localities  in  the 
West.  Specimens  have  been  studied  from  Orono,  Me.,  on  various 
greenhouse  plants;  from  Washington,  D.  C,  on  violets  in  greenhouse, 
on  peach  (curling  the  leaves),  on  Datura,  on  squash,  on  corn,  and  on 
strawberry:  from  Punta  Gorda  and  Key  Largo,  Fla..  on  eggplant;  on 
watermelon  f rom  Eustis,  Fla.;  on  beans  at  Auburn,  Ala.:  and  on  roses 
from  Weiser,  Idaho.  Professor  Harvey  records  it  from  greenhouses 
in  Ithaca.  X.  Y..  New  York  City,  and  Westgroye,  Pa. 

The  color  and  size  are  extremely  variable.  Yet  in  a 
lot  from  one  plant  and  one  region  the  adults  are  usually 
of  one  coloration  and  one  size.  Other  lots  from  other 
localities  have  a  much  different  appearance,  but  when 
mounted  and  examined  do  not  disclose  any  structural 
difference.  The  specimens  from  Florida  and  those  on 
Datura  and  violets  from  Washington,  D.  C,  are  red;  m 
those  from  Orono,  Me.,  on  squash  and  peaches  from  chut  bimacuia- 
the  District  of  Columbia,  and  on  rose  from  Idaho  are  ;«*.-t'ittwS-en- 

.  .         larged  (origi- 

greenish,  more  or  less  marked  with  dark.    The  speei-  n&i>. 
mens  from  squash  and  Datura  had  made  a  considerable 
amount  of  web.  much  more  than  those  on  greenhouse  plants. 

This  species  has.  more  than  any  other,  stood  for  the  "red  spider," 
T<  Iran i/chus  telarius.  Harvey  remarks  that  specimens  sent  to  him  as 
the  genuwu  "red  spider"  did  not  differ  structurally  from  his  species. 


75 


Bristles  in  the  usual 
near  the  front  margin 


Fig.  12. —  Tctronychui  tekwiut: 
palpus  and  mandibular  plate- — 

enlarged  (original'). 


Tetranychus  telarius  Linn. 

Acantt  t.hirius  [inn,  -Fn.  Soec.,  481',  No.  l ->74.  (!7<>h. 
Tetranyckiu  Knteariut  Dufcror.  -Ann.  Sci.  Nat..  WW  p.  276. 
Color  variable,  often  yellowish  green,  with  black  spots  at  sides  of 
body,  and  sometimes  at  tip;  legs  pale;  eyes  red.    Body  rather  broad 
in  9  .  considerably  tapering  behind  in  the  i  . 
arrangement,  the  frontal  and  subfrontal  pair  as 
as  in  other  species  (Berlese  figures  them  much 
farther  back),  subfrontal  pair  twice  as  long  as 
frontal.    The  palpi  are  quite  prominent,  the 
male  has  a  spur  above  on  tip  of  the  tibia,  the 
thumb  bears  on  its  tip  three  fingers;  seen  from 
tin*  side  the  lower  one  is  plainly  Larger  than 
the  others  -those  nearer  the  claw.    The  man- 
dibular plate  is  about  twice  as  long  as  broad, 
not  much  tapering  toward  tip.  broadly  rounded 
at  tip.  and  with  a   faint  median  notch;  the 
stylet  i>  split  nearly  to  plate.    The  legs  are 
moderately  long;  femur  I  over  twice  as  long 
as  broad;  tibia  I  plaiidy  longer  than  patella  I; 
tarsus  quite  long,  ending  in  a  claw  strongly 
bent  near  middle  and  four-cleft  beyond.    I  am 

not  certain  that  this  is  the  European  species,  but  it  has  the  characters 
of  T.  A /<//•///*.  and  does  not  differ,  SO  far  as  I  can  see.  from  a  specimen 
of  T.  t,  hi f!"s  <h'om  Italy.  The  legs  are  a  trifle  more  slender  than  in 
our  other  species.  Specimens  have  been  studied  from  Melrose  High- 
lands. Middlesex  County.  Mass..  on  ash;  from  Waterville.  N.  Y..  on 
hops;  and  from  Fore  Collins,  Colo.,  on  maple.  Apparently  it  is  not 
a  very  common  species  with  us. 
Tetranychus  sexinaculatus  Riley. 

Tt'tfitni/rhtis    i  iiKictihihis  Riley. — Insect  Life,  Vol.  II,  p.  225. 
Pah1  greenish-yellow,  with  six  usually  large  dusky  patches  above, 
three  on  each  side;  legs  and  palpi  pale.     Palpi  of  moderate  length;  in 
male  with  a  -pur  above  on  inner  tip  of  tibia.    The  thumb  is  quite  stout 
and  bears  on  its  tip  three  fingers,  of  which  the  middle 

one  (seen  from  the  side)  is  the  largest.  Mandibular 

plate  rat  her  -lender,  narrowed  toward  dp, which  16  broadly 
rounded.  Scarcely  a  trace  of  the  median  notch:  bristles 
of  body  in  the  usual  arrangement,  the  subfrontal  pair 
scarcely  twice  a-  long  as  the  frontal  pair.  Leg-  rather 
-bolter  than  in  /'.  fa&IPUft,  the  tibia  1  plainly  longer  than 
patella  I;  tar-u-  1  shorter  than  u-ual.  the  claw  strongly 
bent  near  middle  ami  four-cleft  beyond, 
from  various  parts  of   Florida  on  orange,  and  -<>nie 


Fig. 13. —  Tctrany 
elms  si  jemaculn 
tits:    palpus  — 

enkuvad(Offgt 
mil ). 


Specimen' 

marked  San  Diego, Cal . ,  on orani 


appeal  -  to  be  BDJalleT 


76 


than  the  other  species  of  this  group.  It  has  at  times  been  extremely 
abundant  and  an  orange  pest  of  much  importance.  An  article  on  the 
species  from  an  economic  view  is  found  in  the  Report  of  the  Ento- 
mologist for  L889.  They  occur  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves;  the 
eggs  are  colorless  or  pah1  greenish-yellow 
Tetranychus  desertorum  n.  sp. 

Dark  red,  with  black  spots  along  each  side,  and  a  central  spot  before 
the  middle;  legs  pale.    Body  quite  broad,  with  the  usual  bristles,  the 

frontal  pair  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  sub- 
frontal.    The  palpi  are  longer  than  usual; 
there  is  a  spur  on  the  tibia  of  male  as  usual; 
the  thumb  not  as  long  as  claw  and  with  three 
slender  lingers  on  the  tip,  the  middle  one  (seen 
from  the  side)  is  the  largest.   The  mandibular 
plate  is  long  and  slender,  narrowed  toward 
tip;  at  middle  of  tip  a  small  but  distinct  deep 
notch;  stylet  below  the  plate  appears  to  be 
cleft  only  for  a  short  distance.    The  legs  are 
quite  stout,  the  femur  I  more  than  twice  as 
long  as  broad;  tibia  I  plainly  longer  than 
patella  I;  tarsus  slender,  ending  in  a  claw, 
which  is  strongly  bent  near  middle  and  four- 
cleft  beyond. 
Specimens  come  from  Mesilla  Park,  N.  Mex., 
on  Larrea  tridmtata  and  Phacelia  <T<  inihit<t.    It  is  closely  allied  to  the 
other  species  of  this  group,  but  the  plate  is  more  tapering  than  usual. 
Tetranychus  gloveri  n.  sp. 

Red.  with  irregular  dark  confluent  spots  each  side  of  body;  legs 
yellowish.  The  body,  though  broad  at  the  shoulders,  tapers  behind 
even  in  the  female;  bristles  long  and 
fine,  the  subfrontal  pair  more  than  twice 
the  length  of  the  frontal  pair;  all  in  the 
usual  arrangement.  The  palpi  are  of 
average  length,  the  thumb  not  so  long 
as  »  la\\  ;  on  its  tip  are  three  lingers,  the 
median  one  (seen  Prom  the  side)  plainly 
larger  than  the  others.  The  mandibular 
plate  is  rather  broad,  its  sides  concave 

near  the  tip.  and  almost  truncate,  some- 
times apparently  broadly,  though  not 
deeply,  emarginate;  tin-  median  notch  i 
air  quite  slender,  femur  I  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad;  tibia  I 
plainly  longer  than  patella  I;  tarsus  quite long,  ending  in  a  claw,  which 

is  stronfflv  bent  near  its  middle  and  four-cleft  beyond. 


Fig,  14. —  Tetranychus  desertorum: 
palpus  and  mandibular  plate— 
enlarged  (original). 


Fig.  15. — Tetranychwi  gloveri:  palpus  and 
mandibular  plate  —  enlarged  (origi- 
nal). 


scarce 


lv  visible.     The  legs 


77 


This  Species  was  figured  by  Glover  in  his  Cotton  Insects,  and  has 
been  treated  recently  by  Professor  Morgan.  Specimens  have  been 
examined  from  Baton  Rouge,  La. 

Stig-maeus  Koch.  —  CJebersicht  «lcs  Arachnideiiyystems,  III,  |>.  5.S,  1842. 

This  genus  differs  much  from  Tetranychus  in  structure,  bul  is  closely 
allied  in  habits,  the  species  living  in  colonies  on  leaves.  The  anterior 
and  posterior  pairs  of  legs  are  more  widely  separated  than  in  Tetrany- 
chus; the  body  is  more  elongate  and  is  usually  more  or  less  constricted 
near  the  middle;  there  are  no  rows  of  long  bristles  above;  the  tarsus 
ends  "m  two  equal  claws,  which  in  our  species  are  deeply  cleft.  The 
mandibles  in  our  species  appear  to  be  extremely  long  and  styliform. 
The  palpi  seems  to  be  simple,  the  last  joint  very  slender.  But  one 
species  has  been  observed  in  our  country. 
Stigmaeus  floridanus  n.  Bp. 

Body  elongate,  more  than  twice  as  large  as  broad,  blunt-pointed  at 
each  end.  constricted  somewhat  before  the  middle,  the  posterior  part 
rather  broader  than  the  anterior,  constricted  slightly  between  the  III 
and   IV   legs,  four  short 
curved  bristles  near  apex, 
one  on  each  anterior  side  of 
the  posterior  part  and  one 
on  each  side  near  theapica 
third  of  the  anterior  part. 
The  legs  are  short  and 
stout,  scarcely  as  long  as 
the  width  of  body,  the  an- 
terior pairs  rather  longer 
than  the  hind  pairs;  the 
tarsus  ends  in  a  pair  of  dou- 
ble claws,  the  outer  branch     /  , 
Longer  and   less  curved 
than  the  inner  branch. 

Living  in  colonies  upon 

the  bases  of  the  imbricated 

leaves  of  the  pineapple  in 

Florida.  A  speciesof  con- 
siderable economic  impor- 

pdttance  owing  to  the  fact  thai  its  punctures  giv< 


Pig 


Saguunu  fioridaDuu:  mite,  mouth 
enlarged  (original). 


and  ckvArB— 


fungi  access  to  the  tii 


•ertain  desl ructive 
tue  of  the  leaf .  In  Australia  Mr.  II.  Tryon  has 
recorded  a  quite  different  mite  affecting  the  pineapples  in  that  colony. 
He  claim-  that  it  often  carries  the  spores  of  the  fungous  disease,  He 
calls  the  mite  Tarsonernus  ananas,1  Professor  Rolfs  has  published1 
on  the  habits  of  this  Stigma  us  and  the  damage  it  leads  to  in  Florida. 


Queonslaml  Agric.  Jour.,  •"•  ilSi»si,  N...  ii.  pp.  t.'»s 
Bul  No.  60,  Kla.  Agric  Exp.  Bta.,  May,  L899. 


INDKN  OF  (}  EX  ER  A    AND  SRKAMES. 


Aleurodes   11 

ftboonala   17 

abutilouea   18 

acacia;   19 

acpim   20 

altissima   JO 

aureocincta   '21 

berbericola   '21 

citri  r   22 

cockerel  li   22 

corni   22 

corona ta   22 

erigeroutis   24 

filicium  ,    '21 

fitchi   24 

floccosa   '20 

florideusis   26 

forbesii   '27 

fumipcunis   '27 

gelatinosus   27 

goyabce   27 

gauninicola  .   28 

horridus   28  . 

inconspicua   28 

mori   29 

nepbrolepidis   29 

uieotiaiue   31 

parvus   31 

pcrgandei   31 

pcrseiu     32 

plialauoides   33 

plumosa     33 

pyrolir    85  i 

<|U«Tciis-aiiuatic;>'   35 


Page. 

AJeurodes — Continued . 


rolfsii   38 

ruborum   3(1 

spinvoides   3(> 

stellata   38 

tracheifer   88 

vaporariorum   39 

variabilis   39 

vinsonioides   41 

vittata   42 

Aleurodieus   1:; 

anonase   44 

asarumis   44 

cockerellii   46 

cocois.    46 

dugesi   46 

iridesceus   It". 

minima   17 

mira  bilis  ,   48 

oruatus   48 

pulviuata    48 

Stiguuvus   77 

floridauus   77 

Tetranychus   70 

bicolor   72 

bimaculatus   73 

desertorum   78 

gloven   70 

gracilipes   72 

modestus   73 

uiytilaspidis   71 

sexiuaculatus   7*> 

telarius   7."> 

tuiuidus   73 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  FLORIDA 


